How do light and matter interact? There are 4 ways: Emission, Absorption, Transmission (transparent objects transmit light. Opaque objects block/absorb light), and Reflection/scattering What are the main/basic definitions and differences of these in reference to interactions of light with matter?

Question 1: X-ray Diffraction x-ray diffraction is a method used to identify different types of materials. While this is usually quite a complex process, however for a simple cubic structure, as seen below, we can find the distance between neighboring atoms. The below image shows the diffraction of x-rays passing through a cubic structure and illustrates a change in distance of 2d sine Light rays in phase ● a /I\ 100 20. b d sin 8 2d sin 0 Atoms in crystal If the wavelength of the x-ray is equal to an integer multiple of this change in distance, we will get constructive interference: mλ = 2d sine X-rays of wavelength 0.103 nm reflects off a crystal and a second-order maximum is recorded at a Bragg angle of 25.5°. (a) What is the spacing between the scattering planes in this crystal? (b) At what angle will the third-order maximum occur?

can you solve step by step

explain the steps to find the answer, which equation you are using and why you are using it. Also a small reflection about the problem.  Thanks.

A nuclear fragment is sent through a diffraction grating with a speed of 2.50 x 106 m/s to demonstrate its wave properties. The resulting interference pattern shows a wave pattern consistent with a wavelength of 3.50 x 10-14 m. What is the mass of the particle?   A.    5.84 x 10-30 kg   B.    1.67 x 10-27 kg   C.    7.58 x 10-24 kg   D.    5.89 x 10-27 kg   E.    7.58 x 10-27 kg

Light with a wavelength of 550 nm illuminates a metallic surface with a work function of 1.10 eV.        a. What is the maximum speed of the photoelectron?      b. What is the minimum potential difference required to stop the electrons?          *I ask that the answer be written with clear and readable handwriting or typed*

1. Townsend 1.8: A helium-neon laser (-633 nm) used in a lecture demonstration of the double- slit experiment has an output power of 5 mW. How many photons per second are emitted by the laser?

Q16. For a frequency modulated signal V(t)=15sin(15 ×10ʻt+2.5sin(2750t)), the amplitude of modulating signal is 3.5V. Refer the Bessel function table B16. i) Sketch the voltage spectrum for the above signal. ii) Calculate maximum frequency, minimum frequency, maximum frequency deviation, Bandwidth, amplitude of maximum frequency from the spectrum. iii) Identify whether the above equation corresponds to Narrowband or Wideband FM modulator. Justify your answer. Table B16: Values of Bessel function Modulation Sideband index Carrier 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 0.00 1.00 0.25 0.98 0.12 0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03 1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02 1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01 2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 -0.05 0.50 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 2.41 2.5 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.53 -0.34 -0.13 0.25 0.40 0.32 0.19 0.09 0.03 0.01 6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25…