he application of logic is a fundamental aspect of Formal Methods. Propositional and predicate logics are commonly encountered in a conceptual sense.    A student pursuing a degree in discrete mathematics at the undergraduate level intends to utilize propositional and predicate logics for the purpose of software testing. Assist this individual.    A proposed approach entails presenting a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages associated with logic and software testing. What is the optimal approach for implementing formal programme verification in a formal setting? What is the most effective logic?

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Intelligent Machines

Machines that use artificial intelligence to learn from the environment and past experiences to perform better in the presence of variability and uncertainty are called intelligent machines. Intelligence develops according to environment and experience. It is human-like behavior. When the computer system or any programmed machine learns from the inputs and corresponding outputs, it can be called an intelligent machine.