Gluconeogenesis in humans involves many of theenzymes of glycolysis working in a reversedirection, but utilizes four unique enzymes. (a)Draw these four reactions at pH 7, indicating thereactants and products, and the full name of theenzyme. You are required to draw the structuresof the products and reactants for the first tworeactions in gluconeogenesis and their full namesbut only provide the full names on the remainingtwo reactions. You do not have to draw thestructures of any cofactors just use theirabbreviations.

The Bypass Approach:Gluconeogenesis doesn't simply reverse glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose for…

Answered: Gluconeogenesis in humans involves many…

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry

11th Edition

ISBN:9781285869759

Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres

Publisher:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres

Chapter23: Enzymes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 23.66P

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TPP is a coenzyme for transketolase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a ketopentose (xylulose5-phosphate) and an aldopentose (ribose-5-phosphate) to an aldotriose (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and a ketoheptose (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). Notice that the total number of carbons in the reactants and products is the same (5 + 5 = 3 + 7). Propose a mechanism for this reaction.
For the following carbohydrates, please indicate the TRUE alternative: (a) The carbohydrate V is reducing and is hydrolyzed by an enzyme of the type β galactosidase (b) Carbohydrate VI is not reducing or mutating. (c) Carbohydrates I and IV have β-glucosidic bond, while carbohydrate II has α-glucosidic bond. (d) Carbohydrate III is neither reducing nor hydrolyzed by an α-type enzyme such as maltase. (e) Carbohydrate I is reducing and mutating.
The enzyme d-amino acid oxidase has avery high turnover number because the d-amino acids are potentially toxic. The KM for the enzyme is in the range of 1 to2 mM for the aromatic amino acids and in the range of 15 to20 mM for such amino acids as serine, alanine, and the acidicamino acids. Which of these amino acids are the preferred substrates for the enzyme?
Complete the following reactions with the correct steriochemistry
In the glycolytic pathway, a six-carbon sugar (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) is cleaved to form two three-carbon sugars, which undergo further metabolism . In this pathway, an isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate tofructose 6-phosphate (shown below) occurs two steps before the cleavage reaction (the intervening step is phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ). What does the isomerization step accomplish from a chemical perspective? (Hint: Consider what might happen if the C—C bond cleavage were to proceed without the preceding isomerization.)
(d) tor of succinate dehydrogenase because of its similar structure to that of succnate. Draw the structures of succinate, L-2-fluorosuccinate, oxaloacetate, and malonate in the form of Newman diagrams, as shown on the right for succinate, whereby looking down the C2-C3 bond (perpendicular to the page), the dot in the center represents the C2 atom and the circle represents the C3 atom. Is the textbook correct? The textbook suggests that malonate (-0OC-CH2-COO-) is a potent inhibi- CO0 H- H. C00- Succinate
Like all chemical reactions, the glycolytic pathway can be expressed as a balanced equation showing reactants on the left side of the equation and products on the right. The equations below describe (a) aerobic glycolysis and (b) anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid fermentation). However, they are not balanced (i.e., they lack the correct stoichiometry). Complete the equations using the correct stoichiometry, assuming that each reaction starts with one molecule of glucose. glucose + ADP + Pi + NAD+ --> pyruvate + ATP + NADH + H+ glucose + ADP + Pi --> lactate + ATP
Determine whether each of the following molecules are activators or inhibitors of glycolysis. Drag the appropriate compounds to their respective bins. • View Available Hint(«) Reset Help guanosine triphosphate (GTP) glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP) acetyl-CoA citrate guanosine monophosphate (GMP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pyruvate Activators of glycolysis Inhibitors of glycolysis Neither an activator nor inhibitor of glycolysis
When the following reaction reached equilibrium the concentration of glucose 1-phosphate is 34mM, and the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate is 190mM. At standard temperatures and pressure, calculate the Keq and the ΔGo' glucose 6-phosphate <---(phosphoglucoisomerase)---> glucose 1-phosphate Keq= ΔGo' =
The rate-limiting step is a metabolic pathway is the slowest step which determines the overall rate of the other reactions in the pathway. In glycolysis, the rate limiting step is a phosphorylation reaction where phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) catalyzes the reaction fructose-6-bisphosphate -> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, the same step in gluconeogenesis. Select one: The statement is FALSE. The statement is TRUE.
A worker accidentally ingested a radioactive form of inorganic phosphate (32P;). The 32P; could be incorporated directly into a glycolysis intermediate by which step? O glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate --> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate fructose-6-phosphate --> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate glucose --> glucose-6-phosphate pyruvate --> phosphoenolpyruvate
Determine whether each of the following molecules are activators or inhibitors of glycolysis. Drag the appropriate compounds to their respective bins. > View Available Hint(») Reset Help guancsine triphosphate (GTP) glucose-6-phosphate (0-6-P) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP) acetyl-CoA citrate quanosine monophosphate (GMP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pyruvate Activators of glycolysis Inhibitors of glycolysis Neither an activator nor inhibitor of glycolysis

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