Fred has been experiencing recurring episodes of heartburn, especially when he bends over to lace his shoes or when he lies down in bed. His physician believes Fred may have a hiatal hernia. To confirm this diagnosis, she has scheduled Fred for a “barium swallow.” In this test, a barium-containing fluid that blocks x-rays is swallowed so that the stomach appears as a bright mass in a radiograph. If Fred has a hiatal hernia, what should the radiologist see on the radiograph? Can you explain what caused the symptoms that brought Fred in to see his physician?

Explain the advantages of the use of the flexible endoscope for investigation of the gastrointestinal tract. (at least 150 words)

Charlie Berger, a 58-year-old obese man, comes to a nurse practitioner because he has difficulty swallowing, heartburn, and occasional regurgitation. Answering his nurse practitioner’s questions, Mr. Berger says that his symptoms worsen when he drinks coffee or alcohol.   Endoscopy reveals inflammation in his lower esophagus and poor closure of the lower esophageal sphincter. There is no evidence of esophageal narrowing or movement of the proximal stomach into the thorax.   The nurse practitioner diagnoses gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and tells Mr. Berger to do the following: • Take proton-pump inhibitor drugs to reduce gastric acid. • Elevate the head of his bed. • Avoid eating large meals, especially near bedtime. • Enter a weight-loss program. • Reduce his use of caffeine and alcohol.   Answer the following questions about Mr. Berger and gastroesophageal reflux disease.     2. Why did his nurse practitioner suggest that Mr. Berger avoid eating large meals, especially…

The GI tract from the esophagus to the anal canal is composed of four tunics. Describe the general histology of the tunics and the specific features of the esophageal tunics.