For the intensity of a monochromatic beam of gamma rays to be reduced to 30% of its initial value, what thickness of a material is needed if it is measured in terms of the half-value layer for that material?
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For the intensity of a monochromatic beam of gamma rays to be reduced to 30% of its initial value, what thickness of a material is needed if it is measured in terms of the half-value layer for that material?
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- 1) If an arm of a patient is to be imaged with a narrow beam of X-ray with 10000 photons at 100 keV. The total thickness of the arm is 8 cm with the bone thickness to be 3 cm and the muscle thickness 5 cm. Assuming HVL values of muscle and bone are 2.5 and 1 cm at 100 keV, respectively. How many photons are absorbed by the arm?During the deep X-ray therapy high energy X-rays are used. They are filtered by passing them through copper and aluminium plates. If the copper plate has thickness ?1 = 2.5 mm and aluminium plate ?2 =4 mm, find reduction in X-ray beam intensity. Linear attenuation coefficients for copper and aluminium are ?1 = 0,32 cm –1, and ?2 = 0,15 cm –1, respectively. If a vial contains 400 MBq of fluorine-18 (F-18) at 12:00 on 20 March 2019, how much radioactivity will be present in the vial at 14:00 on 20 March 2019? Please input your answer in Bq and Ci.Calculate the density of a material if the number of gamma photons decreases from 5206 to 2210 after passing through the material. Select one: D = 0.42 O D= 0.56 O D= 0.37 D= -0.32
- The linear absorption coefficient of 1 MeV X-rays in water is 7.06 m-1. How many times will the radiation intensity decrease in a 19.6 cm thick water layer?During the deep X-ray therapy high energy X-rays are used. They are filtered by passing them through copper and aluminium plates. If the copper plate has thickness ?1 = 2 mm and aluminium plate ?2 =3 mm, find reduction in X-ray beam intensity. Linear attenuation coefficients for copper and aluminium are ?1 = 0.32 cm‐¹, and ?2 = 0.15 cm‐¹, respectively.Typical 10-fold intensity reduction values for X-ray radiation with energy 1 MeV are 30 cm for bone tissues, 20 cm for aluminum, 5 cm for lead. Find mass and linear attenuation coefficients if densities are 1.85 g/cm3, 2.70 g/cm3, 11.35 g/cm3, respectively.
- When photons pass through matter, the intensity I of the beam (measured in watts per square meter) decreases exponentially according to I = I0e-μxwhere I is the intensity of the beam that just passed through a thickness x of material and I0 is the intensity of the incident beam. The constant μ is known as the linear absorption coefficient, and its value depends on the absorbing material and the wavelength of the photon beam. This wavelength (or energy) dependence allows us to filter out unwanted wavelengths from a broad-spectrum x-ray beam.(a) Two x-ray beams of wavelengths λ1 and λ2 and equal incident intensities pass through the same metal plate. Show that the ratio of the emergent beam intensities is (I2)/(I1) = e-(μ2 - μ1)x(b) Compute the ratio of intensities emerging from an aluminum plate 1.00 mm thick if the incident beam contains equal intensities of 50 pm and 100 pm x-rays. The values of μ for…Typical HVL values for X-ray radiation with energy 1 MeV are 3 cm for bone tissues, 2 cm for aluminum, 0.3 cm for lead. Find mass and linear attenuation coefficients if densities are 1.85 g/cm3 , 2.70 g/cm3 , 11.35 g/cm3, respectively.Question: In the x-ray tube, the anode is angled at a small angle to help reduce the x-ray beam dimension, which is kind of a focusing effect. Suppose the dimension (beam width) of the high-speed electron beam that is used to generate the x-ray radiation is 8 mm. The dimension (beam width) of the x-ray beam at the immediate output of the x-ray tube is 2 mm. Calculate the small anode angle [in degrees].
- Alpha particles of kinetic energy 5.4 MeV are incident at a rate of 3.2 x 107 per second on a copper foil of thickness 3.2 x 10-6 m. A circular detector of diameter 1.0 cm is placed 13 cm from the foil at an angle of 30° with the direction of the incident alpha particles. At what rate does the detector measure scattered alpha particles? (The molar mass of copper is 63.5 g/mol and its density is 8.9 g/cm³.) Additional Materials BookGamma-ray detectors like the one described in the preceding problem often use calorimetry to determine gamma-ray energies. Suppose a beam of 100-MeV gamma rays strikes a target with a mass of 2.5 kg and specifi c heat 430 J/(kg # K). How many gamma rays are needed to raise the target’s temperature by 10 mK?Gamma rays typically have frequencies above 10 exahertz (or >1019 Hz). What is the corresponding wavelength in units of picometers (pm) of a gamma ray with a 3 * 1019 Hz? (1 pm = 10-12 m)?