For cellular transduction, why is it useful that phosphorylation cascades have a series of protein kinases?   a. they amplify the original signal       b. they always lead to the same cellular response   c.  the number of molecules used is small and fixed   d. they are cell specific

Q: During cell signaling, binding of a ligand to the outside of a cell leads to:   A. A signal being…

A: In cell biology,  cell signaling is defined as the mechanism of receiving the signal, processing it…

Q: synaptic knobs of a nueron have what function? a. they release neurotransmitter into the synaptic…

A: The nervous system is the specialized system that controls the sensory and motor activity in the…

Q: Suppose that you joined a group of scientists working on a protein which has nuclear localization…

A: Nuclear transport alludes to the mechanisms by which particles get across the nuclear membrane of a…

Q: Can one transcription factor sometimes act as a repressor and sometimes act as an activator? a. Yes,…

A: Transcription factors are proteins that bind to neighbouring DNA and help switch particular genes…

Q: Which molecule is a Cdk inhibitor that is controlled by p53? a. cyclin b. anti-kinase c. Rb d. p21

A: Enzymes that catalyze consecutive metabolic reactions are multifunctional enzymes. These enzymes…

Q: Why is regulating transcription the main way that cells control gene expression?     A. Because…

A: Transcription is the process in which RNA is synthesized with the help of RNA polymerase enzyme. RNA…

Q: How does the Trp operon work? A. Binding of Trp to a repressor protein allows the repressor to bind…

A: Trp operon is the cluster of genes that are responsible for synthesis pf operon

Q: Describe the signaling pathway used by a small hydrophobic ligand (like a steroid) to cause a change…

A: A small hydrophobic ligand is a type of signaling molecule that is hydrophobic or nonpolar in…

Q: What is the role of executioner proteins in apoptosis?a. They kill the cell by destroying its…

A: Apoptosis is a cellular process which is a programmed cell death mechanism. Whenever any cell starts…

Q: Define what a ligand is. Then give a specific example from class, describing how a ligand acting on…

A: Introduction: Alternations in gene transcription that are mediated via nuclear receptors are…

Q: Suppose that you have cancer cell line X was treated with drug Y to increase the expression levels…

A: The genes that suppress tumors are ordinary genes, which delay cell division, fix DNA errors or tell…

Q: Ras proteins are activated when they a. bind GTP. b. release GTP. c. bind GDP. d. undergo…

A: Cells pass through cell cycle under the influence of external or internal signals. External signals…

Q: Which of these pathways is highly conserved among invertebrates and mammals regarding stem cell…

A: The stem cell niche is an in vivo milieu in which stem cells live and receive cues that influence…

Q: You have found a plant-derived compound that interferes with microtubule assembly by binding to and…

A: Cancer is any of a wide range of illnesses characterised by the growth of aberrant cells with the…

Q: What makes it possible for a neurotransmitter to act on a cell? Select one: a. Gene transcription…

A: Cell signaling is part of any interactive activity that directs the basic activities of cells and…

Q: What is the function of a phosphatase? a. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino acids from…

A: Amino acids can be defined as the structural units that is known as monomers that make up  the…

Q: gene in liver cells is "off". In the presence of a toxin, a repressor is removed and the gene is…

A: Repressor It refers to a protein which is invoved in the regulation of gene expression. This protein…

Q: A cell biologist asks you to image a protein of interest tagged with eGFP in a living cell. Describe…

A: Introduction :- eGFP is engineered ( enhanced) green fluorescent protein . The normal GFP protein is…

Q: The ArcB/ArcA is a two component system in E. coli. Based on what you learned about two component…

A: Anaerobic growth of Escherechia coli (E.coli) is controlled by a two-component arc system. This is a…

Q: What would be the likely result of a mutation of the bcl-2 gene on the level of apoptosis? a. No…

A: Answer: Introduction: Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), occurred in humans produced by the BCL2 gene, this…

Q: You design a protein with an N-terminal signal sequence and a single transmembrane domain. You also…

A: Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein structure. When exposed to light in the blue to…

Q: Kinesin is a Select one: and p53 is a a transcription factor, motor protein b. kinase, motor protein…

A: Kinesin protein moves along the microtubules in the cell. It consists of two heavy and two light…

Q: Suppose you want to develop a drug that targets nuclear receptors. What chemical characteristic of…

A: In Molecular biology, the nuclear receptors can be defined as the ligand-regulated proteins…

Q: hich of the followinf would a MAPKK (MAP2K) protein would be activated (phosphorylated) by? a. MAPK…

A: The main player in the MAPK cascade and the point of convergence and divergence for other signalling…

Q: Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion  Which molecule performs the primary signal…

A: The ability of a cell to receive, process, and communicate messages with its surroundings is known…

Q: Which describes a cellular role of RanGEF?

A: Correct answer is : maintain Ran in the GTP bound form in the nucleus.

Q: Identify which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a. A signalling pathway called…

A: Cell signalling or cell communication is the capability of the cells to communicate with each other…

Q: Bully whippets are homozygous for a deletion of two base pairs in the myostatin gene. The deletion…

A: Proteins are produced from the information contained in the DNA. Specific regions of DNA, known as…

Q: Imagine you have a new drug and you believe it activates a particular pathway.  You want to prove…

A: Introduction :- Drugs are the chemical compounds which acts as the signal molecules for the cells ,…

Q: You are studying a protein that you observe to be located in the ER and Golgi. You hypothesize that…

A: Introduction :- ER and Golgi are membrane bound organelles, which are present in the cytoplasm of a…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.