Figure 1 shows how Calvin carefully avoids creating a positive externality (think of this as the equivalent of a factory applying a filter to eliminate any polluting emissions). Assume that this way of snow shovelling does not create any additional costs for Calvin (no extra effort and he has no plans to return home any time soon). b) As creating positive externalities leads to a social problem (see question a), and Calvin's way of snow shovelling avoids creating positive externalities, does Calvin's behaviour imply an efficiency improvement from a social point of view? Exnlain

Figure 1 shows how Calvin carefully avoids creating a positive externality (think of this as the equivalent of a factory applying a filter to eliminate any polluting emissions). Assume that this way of snow shovelling does not create any additional costs for Calvin (no extra effort and he has no plans to return home any time soon). b) As creating positive externalities leads to a social problem (see question a), and Calvin's way of snow shovelling avoids creating positive externalities, does Calvin's behaviour imply an efficiency improvement from a social point of view? Exnlain

Principles of Economics 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172364

Author:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Publisher:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Chapter12: Environmental Protection And Negative Externalities

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13SCQ: A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals...

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An increase in globalization has lead to an increase in pollution, and this is a problem because pollution is seen to be the classic example of a This is a that individuals impose on others but do not pay for. O negative externality, cost O possitive externality, benefit O negative externality, benefit O possitive externality, cost
In 2006, the Australian Government incorporated research into corporate social responsibilities to determineif there is a need to include social and environmental responsibilities within the Corporation Act throughamendment procedure. It was decided not to incorporate a particular regulation through legislation, insteadrely upon the 'market forces' to encourage companies to do the 'right thing'. This viewpoint was expressedthat if companies did not look after the environment or did not act in a socially responsible manner, peoplewould not want to consume the organisations' products. From the equity market perspective, potentialinvestors would not want to invest in the organisations, and further workers wouldn't want to work for them,and so forth. Because companies were aware of such market forces, they would do the 'right thing' even inthe absence of legislation.Requirement:1) Using theories such as Public Interest Theory, Capture Theory and Economic Interest Group Theoryto critically…
Imagine a scenic canyon, visited by many local people as well as tourists from beyondthe local area. Consider a scenario in which a mining company has proposed to the localauthority that it be closed to the public and put into the production of coal. Thinking interms of economics as a way of adjudicating the relative value of one use of the canyon overthe other, what would you need to know in order to make a comparison or assessment?What kinds of quantitative data would inform your decision, and where might they comefrom? What kinds of things might you need to know that are hard to measure? Once youhave listed the kinds of information and data that might be available to inform this decision, do you think it would be sufficient to making this decision, why or why not?
In what ways (it) company investments in research and development create positive externalities?
What is an externality?
A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
Suppose a city releases 16 million gallons of raw sewage into a nearby lake. Table 12.8 shows the total costs of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits of doing so. (Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits.) Using the information in Table 12.8, calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this city. See Production, Costs and Industry Structure if you need a refresher on how to calculate marginal costs. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? Why not just pass a law that films can emit zero sewage? After all, the total benefits of zero emissions exceed the total costs.
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Give an example of a positive externality and an example of a negative externality.
In the Land of Purity, there is only one form of pollution, called gunk. Table 12.14 shows possible combinations of economic output and reduction of gunk, depending on what kinds of environmental regulations you choose. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the percentage reduction of gunk, and with the quantity of economic output on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between K and L, can you say which one is better and why? In the choice between K. and N, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is move likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice L or M? Why?
Do market demand curves reflect positive externalities? Why or why not?
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