Explain the operation of a proxy server in terms of its functionality, such as providing users with safe Internet access, lowering costs, and ensuring security. • Describe the concept of node-to-node communication.

Explain the responsibilities of a proxy server in the context of the OSI model and its impact on network performance.

Discuss the role of proxy servers in the OSI model, particularly at the application layer (Layer 7). Explain how proxy servers can enhance security and performance in a network.

One-time-use credit card numbers are issued by certain credit card providers as an extra layer of protection for online transactions. Customers must visit the website of the company that issued their credit card to get the one-time-use number. Describe the differences between this technology and the traditional method of utilizing credit card numbers. What advantages and disadvantages do they have in comparison to electronic payment gateway authentication?