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Explain the following, use your own words, please use the attached picture as your reference (Please be guided with the highlighted parts for your convinience). Difference between inherent and derived kinds of intentionality Difference between being-for-itself and being-in-itself Freedom and lack of a fixed essence

Explain the following, use your own words, please use the attached picture as your reference (Please be guided with the highlighted parts for your convinience). Difference between inherent and derived kinds of intentionality Difference between being-for-itself and being-in-itself Freedom and lack of a fixed essence

Social Psychology (10th Edition)
Social Psychology (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN:9780134641287
Author:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers
Publisher:Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers
Chapter1: Introducing Social Psychology
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ1
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Explain the following, use your own words, please use the attached picture as your reference (Please be guided with the highlighted parts for your convinience).

  • Difference between inherent and derived kinds of intentionality
  • Difference between being-for-itself and being-in-itself
  • Freedom and lack of a fixed essence
It is a fundamental property of consciousness because it is more basic than the reflexivity of consciousness, referring to the ability of consciousness t beyond our former self-who did not have that skill yet. have that skill because there is something in us that we are trying to fill in. a certain skill, it is because we do not have that skill yet. And we desire to continuously filling in gaps within itself. For instance, when we desire to know to consciousness. Second, consciousness is always transcending itsel things that consciousness is primarily directed at are outside or transcenden because in being continuously conscious of things outside of itself, it is Cull in desiring to have it, which we do not have vet, we are in the process d transcending ourselves; for once we have that skill then we have gone speaks The intentionality of consciousness is closely tied up with its freedom nd lack of a fixed essence (an essence that can no longer be changed). Consciousness is free with regard to the objects to which it will direct itself. We are free what to believe, think, desire, and hope, or to choose the action that we intend to perform. On the other hand, consciousness lacks a foxed essence because it is incomplete, always transcending itself. Something that has a fixed essence has a nature or purpose that is already predefined (or defined even before it exists), like the essence of a mango tree to bear mango fruits. But since consciousness is always transcending itself, it is always in to be properties of consciousness itself. In the case of Sartre he our discussion of intentionality and further elaborate on it. of be about itself. The consciousness that is directed at things outside of is called intentional consciousness, in contrast to sell-consciousness whis is the consciousness that is directed towards itself (see Sartre 1956 o. Consciousness is self-conscious when we, for instance, reflect on our o thoughts and emotions. Intentional consciousness is primary because sa consciousness is a later act of consciousness. That is, we are conscious fie of things in the world outside of our consciousness before we are conscious of our own consciousness or our own thoughts and feelings. When we an angry, for instance, our consciousness is first directed at the object of ou anger, which may be a person or an animal, but later on when we refled on or examine this anger then our consciousness is directed towards itset On the other hand, intentionality is an inherent property of consciousness because it is something not up to us (or not something for us to decide Meaning to say, whether we like it or not, our beliefs, for instance, will always be about certain things. This contrasts with the intentionality of language which is just conventional or something that we just agree upon. Whether words are about certain things (the things that words refer to) is totally up the process of defining its essence, nature or purpose. As long as we are conscious, we will always be choosing what to direct our consciousness to (Sartre, in this regard, makes his famous remark that "man is condemned to be free"-meaning, we cannot avoid being free). And consequently, we will always be in the process of defining our essence. Sartre, like most philosophers, introduces certain technical terms to distinguish key concepts in his philosophy. Sartre refers to consciousness as being-for-itself, while to its opposite, the nonconscious, as being-in-itself (see Sartre 1956, 119-158). Being-in-itself is everything that being-for-itself is not. Thus, if being-for-itself is conscious, a lack, incomplete, free, and has no fixed essence; being-in-itself is nonconscious, full, complete, unfree, and has a fixed essence. Sartre regards the being-for-itself and the being-in-itself as the two fundamental kinds of existence (or "domains of being"). In this regard, as a human person consists of a body and a mind, he/she is a combination of a being-for-itself (his/her consciousness) and a being-in- itself (his/her body). to us. Jean Paul Sartre But why is consciousness primarily and inherently directed at things outside of itself? Sartre explains that this is because of another essentia feature of consciousness as being incomplete, a lack, a deficiency, nothing. Consciousness is reaching out for things outside of itself because is trying to fill in a gap or hole within itself, or it is trying to complete itseli. transcendence of consciousness, therefore, comes in two ways here. First, Sance httpwww.britannca.com bagraphy lean Pai Sartre What about the factors that possibly limit one's transcendence? There are generally three: the natural environment, the body, and other people. The lactors pertaining to the natural environment include natural laws or forces such as gravity, and natural events such as storms, earthquakes, or the LNIT 107 10
Transcribed Image Text:It is a fundamental property of consciousness because it is more basic than the reflexivity of consciousness, referring to the ability of consciousness t beyond our former self-who did not have that skill yet. have that skill because there is something in us that we are trying to fill in. a certain skill, it is because we do not have that skill yet. And we desire to continuously filling in gaps within itself. For instance, when we desire to know to consciousness. Second, consciousness is always transcending itsel things that consciousness is primarily directed at are outside or transcenden because in being continuously conscious of things outside of itself, it is Cull in desiring to have it, which we do not have vet, we are in the process d transcending ourselves; for once we have that skill then we have gone speaks The intentionality of consciousness is closely tied up with its freedom nd lack of a fixed essence (an essence that can no longer be changed). Consciousness is free with regard to the objects to which it will direct itself. We are free what to believe, think, desire, and hope, or to choose the action that we intend to perform. On the other hand, consciousness lacks a foxed essence because it is incomplete, always transcending itself. Something that has a fixed essence has a nature or purpose that is already predefined (or defined even before it exists), like the essence of a mango tree to bear mango fruits. But since consciousness is always transcending itself, it is always in to be properties of consciousness itself. In the case of Sartre he our discussion of intentionality and further elaborate on it. of be about itself. The consciousness that is directed at things outside of is called intentional consciousness, in contrast to sell-consciousness whis is the consciousness that is directed towards itself (see Sartre 1956 o. Consciousness is self-conscious when we, for instance, reflect on our o thoughts and emotions. Intentional consciousness is primary because sa consciousness is a later act of consciousness. That is, we are conscious fie of things in the world outside of our consciousness before we are conscious of our own consciousness or our own thoughts and feelings. When we an angry, for instance, our consciousness is first directed at the object of ou anger, which may be a person or an animal, but later on when we refled on or examine this anger then our consciousness is directed towards itset On the other hand, intentionality is an inherent property of consciousness because it is something not up to us (or not something for us to decide Meaning to say, whether we like it or not, our beliefs, for instance, will always be about certain things. This contrasts with the intentionality of language which is just conventional or something that we just agree upon. Whether words are about certain things (the things that words refer to) is totally up the process of defining its essence, nature or purpose. As long as we are conscious, we will always be choosing what to direct our consciousness to (Sartre, in this regard, makes his famous remark that "man is condemned to be free"-meaning, we cannot avoid being free). And consequently, we will always be in the process of defining our essence. Sartre, like most philosophers, introduces certain technical terms to distinguish key concepts in his philosophy. Sartre refers to consciousness as being-for-itself, while to its opposite, the nonconscious, as being-in-itself (see Sartre 1956, 119-158). Being-in-itself is everything that being-for-itself is not. Thus, if being-for-itself is conscious, a lack, incomplete, free, and has no fixed essence; being-in-itself is nonconscious, full, complete, unfree, and has a fixed essence. Sartre regards the being-for-itself and the being-in-itself as the two fundamental kinds of existence (or "domains of being"). In this regard, as a human person consists of a body and a mind, he/she is a combination of a being-for-itself (his/her consciousness) and a being-in- itself (his/her body). to us. Jean Paul Sartre But why is consciousness primarily and inherently directed at things outside of itself? Sartre explains that this is because of another essentia feature of consciousness as being incomplete, a lack, a deficiency, nothing. Consciousness is reaching out for things outside of itself because is trying to fill in a gap or hole within itself, or it is trying to complete itseli. transcendence of consciousness, therefore, comes in two ways here. First, Sance httpwww.britannca.com bagraphy lean Pai Sartre What about the factors that possibly limit one's transcendence? There are generally three: the natural environment, the body, and other people. The lactors pertaining to the natural environment include natural laws or forces such as gravity, and natural events such as storms, earthquakes, or the LNIT 107 10
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