Explain how tRNA is activated, including the role of a specifictRNA activating enzyme, ATP and amino acids.

Q: Describe untranslated regions (UTR).

A: Untranslated region The parts of the messenger RNA sequence that do not code for product ie the 5'…

Q: Name four major classes of DNA-binding proteins that are responsible for controlling transcription,…

A: Replication protein A Transcription factor  TAL effectors Zinc finger

Q: Define recognition sequence.

A: A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is a protein, which can recognize a particular…

Q: Explain the relationship between tubulin-GTP and tubulin-GDP with respect to MT elongation.

A: Unbranched hollow tubules,  that are made up of tubular protein and are involve in cell movement,…

Q: Describe the transcription initiation (on the example of mRNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II).

A: Introduction : Transcription is the process of creating messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from DNA…

Q: Explain why knowing the orientation of a promoter is critical when determining the amino acid…

A: Promoters are nucleotide sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid that potentially modify binding of RNA…

Q: Protein activity is controlled by multiple mechanisms in the cell. Briefly describe how this type of…

A: Biomolecules are organic macromolecules that play an important role in the proper functioning of the…

Q: Briefly describe two of the tree functions of RNA polymerase

A: RNA polymerase is a catalytic enzyme that is liable for duplicating a DNA succession into a RNA…

Q: Explain Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Repression and Activation.

A: MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION : during transcription , a DNA molecule is copied into RNA…

Q: Briefly describe transcription?with example.

A: The term DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the most important…

Q: Describe what is the function of the anticodon of a tRNA?

A: The biological instruction manual known as DNA, sometimes called deoxyribonucleic acid, provides…

Q: Discuss the role of GTP in the functioning of translational factors

A: Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is one of the nucleotide  that make up an RNA molecule It consists of a…

Q: Outline the process of alternative splicing, and explain how itincreases protein diversity.

A: Introduction: RNA splicing is a mechanism during which the non-coding sequence such as introns are…

Q: Explain about transcription start site and an essential TATA box ?

A: Transcription is the mechanism by which the information of the DNA is copied into a new messenger…

Q: Give typed explanation  Use the diagram representing the typical steps in gene expression and…

A: Gene expression occurs in four steps-In the first step, active portion of the DNA in the form of a…

Q: Explain how catabolite repression depends on an activatorprotein

A: Introduction  All the gene expressions are under high regulation and this is necessary to avoid over…

Q: Indicate how eukaryotic transcription and translation differ from these processes in bacteria.

A: Introduction  Central Dogma: it is the key mechanism by which DNA can be transcribed into mRNA by…

Q: Describe the function and significance of ubiquitin and the proteasome in the regulation of gene…

A: Ubiquitin is a protein that marks the proteins which have completed their lifespan and then…

Q: The unfolding of a tRNA molecule has been measured as a function of temperature (data below). Use…

A: Free energy of Gibb's free energy indicates the portion of the total energy of a system that is…

Q: Define promoter region and list three of its properties.

A: Introduction The region with the specific DNA sequence, right upstream to the transcription starting…

Q: Describe the similarities and differences between hnRNA and mRNA

A: hnRNA Heterogeneous atomic RNA or pre-mRNA is the RNA recently shaped from the format DNA strand. It…

Q: Explain the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) ?

A: Histones are the proteins that bind to DNA. It gives chromosomes their shape and helps control the…

Q: miRNAs target endogenous mRNAs in a sequence-specific manner. Explain, conceptually, how one might…

A: To explain: How to identify potential mRNA targets for a given miRNA if only the sequence of the…

Q: Below is a diagram of charged tRNAs in the active site of the ribosome during translation of the…

A: Translation is the process of synthesis of protein. It takes place in the cytoplasm.

Q: Consider the CT/CGRP example of alternative splicing. Which different types of alternative splicing…

A: Alternative splicing is a technique that allows messenger RNA (mRNA) to control the production of…

Q: List and briefly explain. C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II function to ensure that the varoius…

A: RNA polymerase II is a multuprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA…

Q: explain and show Clover leaf model of tRNA

A: Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), also called “soluble RNAs” (sRNAs) are small molecules varying from 73 to 93…

Q: Describe untranslated regions (UTR).

A: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding,…

Q: Describe the connection between silent mutations and redundancy of the code.  ​

A: BASIC INFORMATION  MUTATION  It is a discontinuous change in genes which leads to change in genotype…

Q: Explain how features of a riboswitch can change when activated by excess metabolite concentration.

A: A riboswitch is considered as the molecule of mRNA, which has a regulatory part. This regulation…

Q: Explain how an α helix in a transcription factor protein is able to function as a recognition helix.

A: Transcription is the first step in central dogma of protein synthesis. It involves formation of…

Q: The synthesis of a protein requires that the amino acids that constitute the growing polypeptide…

A: In the intricate dance of cellular processes, protein synthesis takes center stage, orchestrating…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.