Exercise#1 Good voice reproduction via PCM can be achieved with 128 quantization levels. a- How many bits to code a voice signal? b- According to the sampling theorem, samples should be taken at a rate of 8000 samples per second. Determine the data rate for the PCM-encoded digital data. Exercise#2 What SNR ratio is required to achieve a Bandwidth efficiency of 1.0 for QPSK? Assume that the required bit error rate is 10°. R Note that SNR = x, where is the Bandwidth efficiency. No 1.0 10-1 AMI, pseudotemary, ASK, FSK 10-2 10-3 NRZ, tiphase PSK, QPSK 104 10-5 3 dB 10-6 10-7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (E»No) (dB) Figure: Theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) for various encoding scheme Probability of bit error (BER)

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Quantization and Resolution

Quantization is a methodology of carrying out signal modulation by the process of mapping input values from an infinitely long set of continuous values to a smaller set of finite values. Quantization forms the basic algorithm for lossy compression algorithms and represents a given analog signal into digital signals. In other words, these algorithms form the base of an analog-to-digital converter. Devices that process the algorithm of quantization are known as a quantizer. These devices aid in rounding off (approximation) the errors of an input function called the quantized value.

Probability of Error

This topic is widely taught in many undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses of: