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Science
Chemistry
Example: At 25°C, calculate the AG° N₂+ 3H2 → 2NH3 • AG° N2(g) = 0 kJ/mol f • AG + H2(g) = 0 kJ/mol f • AG˚ NH 3(g) = -16.66 kJ/mol f a) 12.9 kJ b) -33.3 kJ c) -16.7 kJ d) -8.33 kJ e) Unsure sys for: AG sys =ΣnpG˚ products - Σn,G° reactants 60
Example: At 25°C, calculate the AG° N₂+ 3H2 → 2NH3 • AG° N2(g) = 0 kJ/mol f • AG + H2(g) = 0 kJ/mol f • AG˚ NH 3(g) = -16.66 kJ/mol f a) 12.9 kJ b) -33.3 kJ c) -16.7 kJ d) -8.33 kJ e) Unsure sys for: AG sys =ΣnpG˚ products - Σn,G° reactants 60
BUY
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:
9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
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1 Chemical Foundations
2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions
3 Stoichiometry
4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry
5 Gases
6 Thermochemistry
7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity
8 Bonding: General Concepts
9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
10 Liquids And Solids
11 Properties Of Solutions
12 Chemical Kinetics
13 Chemical Equilibrium
14 Acids And Bases
15 Acid-base Equilibria
16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria
17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy
18 Electrochemistry
19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View
20 The Representative Elements
21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry
22 Organic And Biological Molecules
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Chapter Questions
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
Problem 2RQ: Is the scientific method suitable for solving problems only in the sciences? Explain.
Problem 3RQ: Which of the following statements could be tested by quantitative measurement? a. Ty Cobb was a...
Problem 4RQ: For each of the following pieces of glassware, provide sample measurement and discuss the number of...
Problem 5RQ: A student performed an analysis of a sample for its calcium content and got the following results:...
Problem 6RQ: Compare and contrast the multiplication/division significant figure rule to the significant figure...
Problem 7RQ: Explain how density can be used as a conversion factor to convert the volume of an object to the...
Problem 8RQ: On which temperature scale (F, C. or K) docs 1 degree represent the smallest change in temperature?
Problem 9RQ: Distinguish between physical changes and chemical changes.
Problem 10RQ: Why is the separation of mixtures into pure or relatively pure substances so important when...
Problem 1ALQ: a. There are 365 days per year, 24 hours per day, 12 months per year, and 60 minutes per hour. Use...
Problem 2ALQ
Problem 3ALQ: When a marble is dropped into a beaker of water, it sinks to the bottom. Which of the following is...
Problem 4ALQ
Problem 5ALQ: You may have noticed that when water boils, you can see bubbles that rise to the surface of the...
Problem 6ALQ: If you place a glass rod over a burning candle, the glass appears to turn black. What is happening...
Problem 7ALQ: Which characteristics of a solid, a liquid, and a gas are exhibited by each of the following...
Problem 8ALQ: Sketch a magnified view (showing atoms/molecules) of each of the following and explain: a. a...
Problem 9ALQ: Paracelsus, a sixteenth-century alchemist and healer, adopted as his slogan: "The patients are your...
Problem 10ALQ: What is wrong with the following statement? "The results of the experiment do not agree with the...
Problem 11ALQ: Why is it incorrect to say that the results of a measurement were accurate but not precise?
Problem 14ALQ: You have a 1.0-cm3 sample of lead and a 1.0-cm3 sample of glass. You drop each in separate beakers...
Problem 15ALQ: Consider the addition of 15.4 to 28. What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a...
Problem 16ALQ: Consider multiplying 26.2 by 16.43. What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a...
Problem 17ALQ: True or false? For mathematical operation performed on two measurements, the number of significant...
Problem 18ALQ: Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio and a...
Problem 19Q: The difference between a law and a theory is the difference between what and why. Explain.
Problem 20Q: The scientific method is a dynamic process. What does this mean?
Problem 21Q: Explain the fundamental steps of the scientific method.
Problem 22Q
Problem 23Q: A measurement is a quantitative observation involving both a number and a unit. What is a...
Problem 24Q: To determine the volume of a cube, a student measured one of the dimensions of the cube several...
Problem 25Q: What are significant figures? Show how to indicate the number one thousand to 1 significant figure,...
Problem 26Q: A cold front moves through and the temperature drops by 20 degrees. In which temperature scale would...
Problem 28Q: In a multiple-step calculation, is it better to round off the numbers to the correct number of...
Problem 29Q: Is the density of a gaseous substance larger or smaller than the density of a liquid or a solid at...
Problem 30Q: Give four examples illustrating each of the following terms. a. homogeneous mixture b. heterogeneous...
Problem 31E: Which of the following are exact numbers? a. There are 100 cm in 1 m. b. One meter equals 1.094...
Problem 32E: Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following: a. This book contains more than...
Problem 33E: How many significant figures are there in each of die following values? a. 6.07 1015 b. 0.003840 c....
Problem 34E: How many significant figures are in each of the following? a. 100 b. 102 c. 103 d. 100. e. 0.0048...
Problem 35E: Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits, and write the...
Problem 36E: Use exponential notation to express the number 385,500 to a. one significant figure. b. two...
Problem 37E: You have liquid in each graduated cylinder shown: You then add both samples to a beaker. How would...
Problem 38E: The beakers shown below have different precisions. a. Label the amount of water in each of the three...
Problem 39E: Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant...
Problem 40E: Perform the following mathematical operations, and express each result to the correct number of...
Problem 41E: Perform the following mathematical operations, and express the result to the correct number of...
Problem 42E: Perform the following mathematical operations, and express the result to the correct number of...
Problem 43E: Perform each of the following conversions. a. 8.43 cm to millimeters b. 2.41 102 cm to meters c....
Problem 44E: a. How many kilograms are in 1 teragram? b. How many nanometers are in 6.50 x 102 terameters? c. How...
Problem 45E: Perform the following unit conversions. a. Congratulations! You and your spouse are the proud...
Problem 46E: Perform the following unit conversions. a. 908 oz to kilograms b. 12.8 L to gallons c. 125 mL to...
Problem 47E: Use the following exact conversion factors to perform the stated calculations: 512 yd -= 1 rod 40...
Problem 48E: Although the preferred SI unit of area is the square meter, land is often measured in the metric...
Problem 49E: Precious metals and gems are measured in troy weights in the English system: 24 grains 1 pennyweight...
Problem 50E: Apothecaries (druggists) use the following set of measures in the English system: 20 grains ap = 1...
Problem 51E: For a pharmacist dispensing pills or capsules, it is often easier to weigh the medication to be...
Problem 52E: A children's pain relief elixir contains 80. mg acetaminophen per 0.50 teaspoon. The dosage...
Problem 53E: Science fiction often uses nautical analogies to describe space travel. If the starship U.S.S....
Problem 54E: The world record for the hundred meter dash is 9.58 s. What is the corresponding average speed in...
Problem 55E: You are driving 65 mi/h and take your eyes off the road for just a second. What distance (in feet)...
Problem 56E: You pass a road sign saying New York 112 km. If you drive at a constant speed of 65 mi/h, how long...
Problem 57E: The dosage for an antibiotic is prescribed at 8.0 mg per kilo-gram of body weight, taken twice daily...
Problem 58E: In recent years, there has been a large push for an increase in the use of renewable resources to...
Problem 59E
Problem 60E: Carbon monoxide (CO) detectors sound an alarm when peak levels of carbon monoxide reach 100 parts...
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Problem 62E: A thermometer gives a reading of 96.1F 0.2F. What is the temperature in C? What is the uncertainty?
Problem 63E: Convert the following Celsius temperatures to Kelvin and to Fahrenheit degrees. a. the temperature...
Problem 64E: Convert the following Kelvin temperatures to Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees. a. the temperature that...
Problem 65E: At what temperature is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit equal to twice the temperature in...
Problem 66E: The average daytime temperatures on the earth and Jupiter are 72F and 313 K, respectively. Calculate...
Problem 67E: Use the figure below to answer the following questions. a. Derive the relationship between C and X....
Problem 68E: Ethylene glycol is the main component in automobile anti-freeze. To monitor the temperature of an...
Problem 69E: A material will float on the surface of a liquid if the material has a density less than that of the...
Problem 70E: One metal object is a cube with edges of 3.00 cm and a mass of 140.4 g. A second metal object is a...
Problem 71E: A star is estimated to have a mass of 2 1036 kg. Assuming it to be a sphere of average radius 7.0 ...
Problem 72E: A rectangular block has dimensions 2.9 cm 3.5 cm 10.0 cm. The mass of the block is 615.0 g. What...
Problem 73E: Diamonds are measured in carats, and 1 carat = 0.200 g. The density of diamond is 3.51 g/cm3. a....
Problem 74E: At room temperature the element bromine, Br2, is a liquid with a density of 3.12 g/cm3. Calculate...
Problem 75E: A sample containing 33.42 g of metal pellets is poured into a graduated cylinder initially...
Problem 76E: The density of pure silver is 10.5 g/cm3 at 20C. If 5.25 g of pure silver pellets is added to a...
Problem 77E: In e-ach of the following pairs, which has the greater mass? (See Table 1.5.) a. 1.0 kg of feathers...
Problem 78E: a. Calculate the mass of ethanol in 1.50 qt of ethanol. (See Table 1.5.) b. Calculate the mass of...
Problem 79E: In each of the following pairs, which has the greater volume? a. 1.0 kg of feathers or 1.0 kg of...
Problem 80E: Using Table 1.5, calculate the volume of 25.0 g of each of the following substances at 1 atm. a....
Problem 81E: The density of osmium (the densest metal) is 22.57 g/cm3. If a 1.00-kg rectangular block of osmium...
Problem 82E: A copper wire (density = 8.96 g/cm3) has a diameter of 0.25 mm. If a sample of this copper wire has...
Problem 83E: Match each description below with the following microscopic pictures. More than one picture may fit...
Problem 84E: Define the following terms: solid, liquid, gas, pure substance, element, compound, homogeneous...
Problem 85E: What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous matter? Classify each of the following...
Problem 86E: Classify the following mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous. a. potting soil b. white wine c....
Problem 87E: Classify each of the following as a mixture or a pure substance. a. water b. blood c. the oceans d....
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Problem 89E: If a piece of hard, white blackboard chalk is heated strongly in a flame, the mass of the piece of...
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Problem 92E: The properties of a mixture are typically averages of the properties of its components. The...
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Problem 97AE
Problem 98AE: In the opening scenes of the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones tries to remove a gold...
Problem 99AE
Problem 100AE: The active ingredient of aspirin tablets is acetylsalicylic acid, which, has a density of 1.4 g/cm3....
Problem 101AE: This year, like many past years, you begin to feel very sleepy alter eating a large helping of...
Problem 102AE: Which of the following are chemical changes? Which are physical changes? a. the cutting of food b....
Problem 103AE: A person with high cholesterol has 250 mg of cholesterol per 100.0 mL of blood. If the total blood...
Problem 104AE
Problem 105AE: A column of liquid is found to expand linearly on heating. Assume the column rises 5.25 cm for a...
Problem 106AE: A 25.00-g sample of a solid is placed in a graduated cylinder, and then the cylinder is filled to...
Problem 107AE: For each of the following, decide which block is more dense; the orange block, the blue block, or it...
Problem 108AE: According to the Official Rules of Baseball, a baseball must have a circumference not more than 9.25...
Problem 109AE: The density of an irregularly shaped object was determined as follows. The mass of the object was...
Problem 110AE: The chemist in Example 1.14 did some further experiments. She found that the pipet used to measure...
Problem 111CWP: The longest river in the world is the Nile River with a length of 4145 mi. How long is the Nile in...
Problem 112CWP: Secretariat is known as the horse with the fastest run in the Kentucky Derby. If Secretariats record...
Problem 113CWP: The hottest temperature recorded in the United States is 134F in Greenland Ranch, CA. The melting...
Problem 114CWP
Problem 115CWP: Which of the following statements is(are) true? a. A spoonful of sugar is a mixture. b. Only...
Problem 116CWP: Which of the following describes a chemical property? a. The density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3. b. A...
Problem 117CP: A rule of thumb in designing experiments is to avoid using a result that is the small difference...
Problem 118CP: Draw a picture showing the markings (graduations) on glassware that would allow you to make each of...
Problem 119CP: Many times errors are expressed in terms of percentage. The percent error is die absolute value of...
Problem 120CP: A person weighed 15 pennies on a balance and recorded the following masses: 3.112 g 3.109 g 3.059 g...
Problem 121CP: On October 21, 1982, the Bureau of the Mint changed the composition of pennies (see Exercise 120)....
Problem 122CP: As part of a science project, you study traffic patterns in your city at an intersection in the...
Problem 123CP: Sterling silver is a solid solution of silver and copper. If a piece of a sterling silver necklace...
Problem 124CP: Make molecular-level (microscopic) drawings for each of the following. a. Show the differences...
Problem 125CP: Confronted with the box shown in the diagram, you wish to discover something about its internal...
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Transcribed Image Text:
Example: At 25°C, calculate the AG° N₂+ 3H2 → 2NH3 • AG° N2(g) = 0 kJ/mol f • AG + H2(g) = 0 kJ/mol f • AG˚ NH 3(g) = -16.66 kJ/mol f a) 12.9 kJ b) -33.3 kJ c) -16.7 kJ d) -8.33 kJ e) Unsure sys for: AG sys =ΣnpG˚ products - Σn,G° reactants 60
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Mg(s) + 2 H2O(l) ⟶ Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g) | ∆Hrxn = —353.0 kJ/mol Calculate the number of grams of Mg needed for this reaction to release enough energy to increase the temperature of 99 mL of water from 24 °C to 80. °C. Assume that the final mass of the solution is the same as the water, and that the density of solution is 0.997 g/mL. (10)
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