Every decision has an Opportunity Cost due to the nature of scarcity, there is always a better alternative not chosen, therefore, there is always an opportunity cost. “The opportunity cost of an alternative is what you give up to pursue it” (Froeb, McCann,Shor & Ward, 2016). When you go to a Maroon 5 concert, you give up $100 of benefits you would have received if you had gone to a Beyoncé concert. Also, you would also avoid $80 of cost for the Beyoncé concert. According to the definition below, the opportunity cost of seeing Maroon 5 concert is $100 - $80 = $20. Please delve into the statement there are always opportunity costs. How can an individual make the best decision? Is there a best decision? Would one miss an opportunity not attending one of the concerts? Include a minimum of one reference.

1) You own a DVD of the film 'A Beautiful Mind'.  The opportunity cost of watching the DVD the second time      A) is one-half the cost of the DVD, since this is the second time you have watched it. B) the amount of money you could get from selling the DVD after watching it the first time. C) is the value of the best alternative use of the time you spend watching the DVD on this occasion. D) is zero as you already own the DVD.

Suppose you observe a person's answer to two decision problems. Problem 1: You are offered $40 today. What is the minimum amount x you demand one month from today in order to be willing to give up the $40 now? Answer: x = 52. Problem 2: Your are offered $40 today. What is the minimum amount x you demand one year from today in order to be willing to give up the $40 now? Answer: $60. 1. Demonstrate that the rational model of time preferences is violated for this choice pattern. 2. Derive this individual's B and d for the hyperbolic time discounting model. 3. Suppose the utility you get from eating ice cream now is 10 utils. But you pay a cost of -4 utils per hour for the next 4 hours, because it gives you indigestion and makes you feel lethargic. If your hourly B and d for this problem are B = .6 and d = .9, ... 1. What is the total discounted utility of eating ice cream now? 2. What is your total discounted utility now of planning to eat ice cream after lunch tomorrow? 3. Do you eat ice…

Prior to 2003, the city of Boston was often one big parking lot. Traffic jams were common, and it could take hours to travel a couple of miles. Each additional commuter contributed to the congestion, which can be measured by the total number of cars on Boston roads. Although each commuter suffered by spending valuable time in traffic, none of them paid for the inconvenience they caused others. The total cost of travel includes opportunity cost of time spent in traffic and any fees levied by the Boston authorities. Draw a graph illustrating the overuse of Boston roads, assuming there is no fee to enter London in a vehicle and that roads are a common resource. Put the cost of travel on the vertical axis and the quantity of cars on the horizontal axis. Draw a typical demand, private cost and social cost curve and label the market equilibrium. In February 2003, the city of Boston began charging a $5 congestion fee on all vehicles travelling in central Boston. Illustrate the effects of…