Effective stress is the stress carried by the pore air pore water soil grains The minimum possible effective stress on a soil is < 0 = 0 > 0 The total stress on a soil is 100 kPa and the ore water pressure is 20 kPa. The effective stress is 80 kPa 140 kPa 120 kPa

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum…