e 2-butene is able to undergo a proces rans-alkene. This transformation can E H. light CH3 e hybridization of the two central cart

Minoxidil (C9H15N15O) is a compound produced by the Pharmacia Upjohn Company that has been approved as a treatment for some types of male pattern baldness. Note that in such shorthand ring structures, each point where lines meet is a carbon atom and that the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms in the rings have been omitted. There will be four bonds to each carbon atom. a. Give the hybridization of the five nitrogen atoms in minoxidil. b. Give the hybridization of each of the nine carbon atoms in minoxidil. c. Give the approximate values for the bond angles marked a, b, c, d, e, and f. d. Including all the hydrogen atoms, how many bonds exist in minoxidil? e. How many bonds exist in minoxidil?

Do lone pairs about a central atom affect the hybridization of the central atom? If so, how?

Numerous molecules are detected in deep space. Three of them are illustrated here. (a) Are these compounds isomers? (b) Indicate the hybridization of each C atom in each molecule. (c) What is the value of the HCH angle in each of the three molecules? (d) Which of these molecules is/are polar? (e) Which molecule should have the strongest carbon-carbon bond? The strongest carbon-oxygen bond?

Consider the polyatomic ion IO65-. How many pairs of electrons are around the central iodine atom? What is its hybridization? Describe the geometry of the ion.

The sulfamate ion, H2NSO3, can be thought of as having been formed from the amide ion, NH2, and sulphur trioxide, SO3. (a) What are the electron-pair and molecular geometries or the amide ion and or SO3? What are the hybridizations of the N and S atoms, respectively? (b) Sketch a structure for the sulfamate ion, and estimate the bond angles. (c) What changes in hybridization do you expect for N and S in the course of the reaction NH2 + SO3 H2NSO3? (d) Is SO3 the donor of an electron pair or the acceptor of an electron pair in the reaction with amide ion? Does the electrostatic potential map shown below confirm your prediction?

2. Which of the following is incorrect? The hybridization of N in NH4+ is sp3. The hybridization of S in SO42− is sp3. The hybridization of N in NO2− is sp3 The hybridization of O in H3O+ is sp3.

• explain how hybridization reconciles observed molecular shapes with the orbital overlap model.

Give the hybridization of each central atom in the following molecules. (a) cyclohexene (b) phosgene, Cl2CO (c) glycine, H2NC(1)H2C(2)OOH (Note: Numbers in parentheses label each carbon atom.)

In addition to NF3, two other fluoro derivatives of nitrogen are known: N2F4 and N2F2. What shapes do you predict for these two molecules? What is the hybridization for the nitrogen in each molecule?