During a heat transfer process, the entropy change of incompressible substances, such as liquid water, can be determined from ΔS = mcavg ln(T2/T1). Show that for thermal energy reservoirs, such as large lakes, this relation reduces to ΔS = Q/T.

Water at the initial pressure and temperature of P1 = 40 bar and T1 = 553.15K, respectively, is cooled at constant volume, while heat is transferred to the surroundings at T0= 288.15K. At the end of the cooling process, the pressure is P2 = 9 bar. Questions: (a) Calculate the entropy change of the water during the process. (b) Calculate the entropy produced during the process.

Hi, can you please help me with this entropy problem so that I can solve similar problems? If you can be clear with the diagrams I would really appreciate it because I review those closely.

(a) discuss the difference in AStotal between the reversible isothermal expansion and irreversible free expansion of a perfect gas. (b) To restore the system to the original state, the work needs to be done. Please express the direct relation between the work needed to restore the system to the original state and the entropy change.

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