Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Concept explainers

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes are saturated organic compounds which are made up of C and H atoms. Alkanes have the general formula of CnH2n+2. Alkane contains sp3 hybridized carbon atoms with four sigmas (σ) bonds & every hydrogen atom is connected with one of the carbon atom…
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### Cycloalkane Chair Conformation Explanation **Problem Statement:** Draw the most stable chair conformation of the following cyclohexane. **Diagram Description:** The image shows a molecular structure that includes a cyclohexane ring with six carbon atoms. Attached to the ring are various substituents, including a methyl group and a position indicating an axial substituent. **Understanding Chair Conformations:** Cyclohexane can adopt several conformations, but the most stable form is the chair conformation due to minimized steric hindrance and torsional strain. In the chair form, substituents occupy either axial (up or down, along the imaginary axis of the ring) or equatorial (around the equator of the ring) positions. **Key Points to Consider:** 1. **Axial and Equatorial Positions:** - Axial positions are more sterically hindered and less stable compared to equatorial positions. - Larger groups prefer the equatorial position due to reduced steric interactions with other axial hydrogen atoms. 2. **Substituent Placement:** - The given structure shows an axial and equatorial designation for certain substituents. - To ensure the most stable conformation, larger substituents should be placed in the equatorial position where there is less steric hindrance. ### How to Draw the Most Stable Conformation: 1. **Identify Substituents:** - Determine the positions of all substituents on the cyclohexane ring. - For this example, there is a mono-substituted methyl group shown on the cyclohexane. 2. **Substituent Size Consideration:** - For a mono-substituted cyclohexane, the chair conformation should place this substituent in the equatorial position to minimize steric strain. 3. **Drawing Steps:** - Draw the cyclohexane ring in its chair conformation. - Add the substituent (methyl group in this case) in the equatorial position. - Adjust any remaining hydrogen atoms to occupy the appropriate axial or equatorial positions, ensuring maximum stability. ### Conclusion: By drawing the cyclohexane in its most stable chair conformation with the given substituent, stability is maximized and steric hindrance minimized. This principle is fundamental in organic chemistry for understanding the behavior of cyclic molecules. **Note:** This explanation aids in visualizing and understanding
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Transcribed Image Text:### Cycloalkane Chair Conformation Explanation **Problem Statement:** Draw the most stable chair conformation of the following cyclohexane. **Diagram Description:** The image shows a molecular structure that includes a cyclohexane ring with six carbon atoms. Attached to the ring are various substituents, including a methyl group and a position indicating an axial substituent. **Understanding Chair Conformations:** Cyclohexane can adopt several conformations, but the most stable form is the chair conformation due to minimized steric hindrance and torsional strain. In the chair form, substituents occupy either axial (up or down, along the imaginary axis of the ring) or equatorial (around the equator of the ring) positions. **Key Points to Consider:** 1. **Axial and Equatorial Positions:** - Axial positions are more sterically hindered and less stable compared to equatorial positions. - Larger groups prefer the equatorial position due to reduced steric interactions with other axial hydrogen atoms. 2. **Substituent Placement:** - The given structure shows an axial and equatorial designation for certain substituents. - To ensure the most stable conformation, larger substituents should be placed in the equatorial position where there is less steric hindrance. ### How to Draw the Most Stable Conformation: 1. **Identify Substituents:** - Determine the positions of all substituents on the cyclohexane ring. - For this example, there is a mono-substituted methyl group shown on the cyclohexane. 2. **Substituent Size Consideration:** - For a mono-substituted cyclohexane, the chair conformation should place this substituent in the equatorial position to minimize steric strain. 3. **Drawing Steps:** - Draw the cyclohexane ring in its chair conformation. - Add the substituent (methyl group in this case) in the equatorial position. - Adjust any remaining hydrogen atoms to occupy the appropriate axial or equatorial positions, ensuring maximum stability. ### Conclusion: By drawing the cyclohexane in its most stable chair conformation with the given substituent, stability is maximized and steric hindrance minimized. This principle is fundamental in organic chemistry for understanding the behavior of cyclic molecules. **Note:** This explanation aids in visualizing and understanding
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