Disease Organism Endospore Acid-fast Cell Morphology or Symptoms Treatment bacteria Botulism Tuberculosis Leprosy Pseudomembranous colitis

Define each of the following terms related to describing/categorizing infectious diseases: Communicable   Focal Infection   Incubation Period   Occurrence   Opportunistic Pathogen   Pathology   Prevalence   Secondary Infection   Septicemia   Zoonotic

Describe the difference between the terms INFECTION and DISEASE. Starting with exposure to pathogens, describe IN DETAIL the steps  involved in the infection process ( exposure, adherence, invasion and multiplication) as well as the disease process( Toxicity, invasiveness, tissue or system damage)

2. A 23-year-old Caucasian female presented to the emergency department (ER)with profuse watery diarrhea after consuming raw oysters in a restaurant. She described the diarrhea as 'rice water stool'. (a) Which type of specimen should be collected from this patient for diagnosis of disease? (b) Name the most probable bacteria that caused the diarrhea and give the name of the infection. (c) Suggest two treatments and two preventive measures for this infection. (d) Non-toxic strains of bacteria can acquire toxin genes from viral genome. Briefly describe the process during which the toxic genes from virus are incorporated into bacterial chromosome.

Write the most likely causative microorganism and disease of the following cases and explain sign, symptoms and control measures. A male patient has a wound infection with blue-greenish colored pus and special smell. This bacteria is gram negative, rod shaped and non- fermentative.

The patient was an 80-year-old female who 10 days previously had had a cystocele repair performed. At the time of the hospital admission, a urine culture was obtained and revealed >100,000 CFU/ml of an Escherichia coli strain that was susceptible to all antimicrobial agents against which it was tested. Postoperatively, she began a 7-day course of oral cephalexin. She was discharged after an uneventful postoperative course of 3 days. Ten days postoperatively, she presented with a 3-day history of diarrhea. The patient noted multiple watery, loose stools without blood, crampy abdominal pain, and vomiting. She presented with a temperature of 38.2 degrees C, pulse rate of 90/min, respiration rate of 20/min, and blood pressure of 116/53mm Hg. Her white blood cell count was normal, but a large number (53%) of immature polymorphonuclear cells were seen. Physical examination, electrolytes, liver enzymes, and lipase were all within normal limits. Cultures for Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia,…

Microbes possess many different strategies to help them cause disease called virulence factors.  Explain how two virulence factors work.  For each virulence factor state the name of the mechanism, explain how it works and what advantage it gives the organism that helps it cause disease.