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Description: Discuss how degeneracy of the genetic code makes cells more robust to mutations.

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Biology

Discuss how degeneracy of the genetic code makes cells more robust to mutations.

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter15: Genes And Proteins

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 20CTQ: Discuss how degeneracy of the genetic code makes cells more robust to mutations.

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Mitochondrial Mutations

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Explain how degeneracy of the genetic code makes cells better able to accomodate mutations.
Describe the connection between silent mutations and redundancy of the code.
Discuss evidence that the genetic code is almostuniversal, and cite some exceptions.
What is meant by the term ‘redundancy’ in the context of the genetic code?
Discuss why the genetic code is said to be degenerate.
Explain why there is redundancy in the genetic code but no ambiguity.
What does “Universality and Degeneracy” of the Genetic Code mean? State the significance of both the code’s Universality and Degeneracy.
Define both transcription and translation. In addition, describe the role(s) of each of the following in the processes of gene expression and protein synthesis: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosome(s), RNA polymerase, codon, anticodon, amino acid(s) and polypeptide(s). Be detailed in your answer.
Induced mutation are characterized by: Select the correct response: Exposure to free radicals that has been deposited in the aqueous phase and diffuses towards the cell that is followed by the inhibition of its replication or transcription, or may cause deletion. Physical and chemical agents that results in the transition, transversion, and framshift mutations of bases and other structural units that affects the overall function of a nucleic acid. Physical and chemical agents that results in the alteration of the electoronic characteristics of the bases and other structural units that affects the overall function of a nucleic acid. Point mutations that results in the transition, transversion, and framshift mutations of bases and other structural units that affects the overall function of a nucleic acid. Physical and chemical agents that results in the alteration base pairing where tautomers are formed affects the overall function of a nucleic acid.
Discuss the significance of modified bases within tRNA molecules.
1. What is meant by the term ‘redundancy’ in the context of the genetic code?b) What are the possible consequences?
Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA replication and transcription. They are relatively weak chemical bonds. Why is this a desirable feature for DNA? Describe the effect (s) of changing (mutating) the promoter on the transcription of the DNA strand/gene the promoter controls. What happens to protein synthesis if a nonsense codon is inserted into the gene? Explain why a point mutation does not necessarily change the original amino acid sequence. (Explain silent mutations) Choose any pentapeptide composed of five different amino acids. List the amino acids. Present one messenger RNA codon for each amino acids and the sequence of nucleotides on the DNA that originally coded for your pentapeptide.