Discuss a specific research study involving animals that had ethical issues. What were the ethical issues involved? What could have been done to conduct the research study differently to avoid these ethical issues?

When you have completed this section, you should be able to a. give examples of how modern biomedical science emerged from an era of superstition and authoritarianism; and b. describe the contributions of some key people who helped to bring about this transformation.

Compare and contrast random and systematic experimental errors with specific examples either real or fictitious. Explain how these types of errors can be identified and reduced in an experiment.

The following are reasons why randomized control trials (RCTs) are not used to investigate all research questions, except:    a. RCTs can be expensive, which can make it difficult if funding is limited   b. RCTs can be time-consuming, and it may take months and sometimes years to obtain final results   c. For certain research questions and/or certain types of exposure variables, it may not be ethical to conduct an RCT   d. RCTs are less valid than observational analytical study designs