Differentiate among following: [at least 4 differences] 1. Functional and Non-Functional Requirements 2. White box and Black box testing

A gallium arsenide semiconductor at T = 300 K is homogeneously doped with Nd= 5 X 1016 cm-3 and N₂ = 0. Calculate the a drift current for an applied E field of 20 V/cm Jdrf = 1360 A/cm² Jdrf = 2432 A/cm² drf = 624 A/cm² Jdrf=512 A/cm²

TOPIC: STABILITY   Subject to a step input, the voltage drop across the resistor took 696.3103us to reach 13% of its steady value from rest. Determine the time (ms) needed to reach 90% of its steady value from 10% Determine the time (ms) needed to reach 80% of its steady value from 20%

how to measure ripple factor and peak input and peak output voltage for this circuits ?