Diagram and explain the colonization and extinction of island biogeography on an island that is near the mainland and far from the mainland as well as small vs. large. Explain what island biogeography is. Who came up with this model?

List a few different ways that species can become split?   What is one species that became split by the Isthmus of Panama?

Why are species that live at the tops of mountains at increased risk of extinction due to climate change?   a. The colder temperatures at the tops of mountains gradually increase, and the species at the tops of the mountains are displaced by species at lower elevations moving up.    b. The species at the tops of the mountains are adapted to moving up and down the mountains and species at lower elevations are displacing them as they move down the mountains.    c. The species at the tops of the mountains are adapted to lower oxygen and climate change increases oxygen content in the air.    d. Species at the tops of mountains do not have the genetic diversity for adaptation that lower-elevational species do. Therefore species at the tops of the mountains are more likely to go extinct.

Is the following statement consistent with the provided data?  Answer TRUE if the statement is consistent with the data.Answer FALSE if the statement is not consistent with the data.  1. The evolution of freeze tolerance involves some factors that were not shaped directly by natural selection. 2. Because of their freeze tolerance, wood frogs may colonise more of the remainder of the island of Newfoundland than the leopard frog. 3. The distribution of the wood frog and leopard frog supports character displacement as a plausible hypothesis for why they overlap.