Describe the functions of the urinary system.

1. Describe the functions of the urinary system.

2. Identify the 4 organs of the urinary system. What is a nephron?

3. Describe the gross anatomy of the kidneys

4. Trace the blood flow (listed vessels only) from Abdominal Aorta to Inferior Vena cava.

5. Describe the structure of the Glomerulus (Renal Corpuscle).

6. Trace the flow of filtrate through the nephron. Identify which nephron parts are in the cortex and which are in the medulla of kidney.

7. Describe the anatomy (layers and tissues) and the functions of the ureter, urinary bladder, and the urethra.

8. Describe the following nephron functions and identify the specific nephron structures where these processes occur.

   1. Filtration –

   2. Reabsorption –

   3. Secretion -

9. Identify the specific structure in the nephron and the process that occurs for each listed substance:

Process: filtered, not filtered, reabsorbed, secreted.

Substances = water, Na⁺, K⁺, H⁺, Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), Cl^-, Ca²⁺, urea, ammonia (NH₃ or NH₄⁺), glucose, protein, amino acids, platelets, creatinine, RBC, WBC.

1. Glomerulus –

2. Proximal Convoluted tubule –

3. Nephron loop (Ascending and Descending limb) -

4. Distal convoluted tubule -

5. Collecting duct -

1. For each hormone: Identify the molecule or ion, the process (reabsorb or secrete) and the location(s) in the nephron where these hormones exert their actions.

   1. Aldosterone

   2. ADH

   3. PTH

2. Trace the flow of urine as it leaves the collecting duct of the nephron until it is released from the body.

3. Describe the functions of the components of the JG complex:

   1. Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

   2. Macula densa

4. Describe GFR and its relationship to Blood pressure.

5. Describe how GFR (and BP) is regulated by the kidneys

   1. Renal Autoregulation

      1. Myogenic mechanism

      2. Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

   2. Hormonal regulation

      1. Increase in BP

      2. Decrease in BP

   3. Sympathetic nervous control

6. Identify the parts of the nephron where blood pH is regulated. Describe how blood pH is regulated – what ions are reabsorbed or secreted when pH is low or high

TOPIC 10 - REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

1. Describe the functions of the male reproductive organs and structures:

   1. Scrotum

   2. Testes

      1. Seminiferous tubules

      2. Interstitial (Leydig) cells

      3. Sustentacular Sertoli) cells

   3. Epididymis

   4. Vas (Ductus) deferens

   5. Seminal vesicles

   6. Prostate gland

   7. Ejaculatory duct

   8. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

   9. Urethra

   10. Penis

2. Describe the difference between sperm and semen

   1. Trace the pathway sperm travels from where it is created until sperm become semen

   2. Trace the pathway semen travels from where it is created until it exits the body.

3. Describe the functions of the female reproductive organs and structures:

   1. Ovary

   2. Follicle

      1. Oocytes

      2. Granulosa cells

   3. Fallopian tube

      1. Fimbriae

   4. Uterus

      1. Perimetrium

      2. Myometrium

      3. Endometrium

   5. Cervix

   6. Vagina

   7. Vulva

      1. Mons pubis

      2. Labia majora

      3. Labia minora

      4. Clitoris

   8. Breast

      1. Mammary glands

      2. Mammary ducts

1. For each hormone, identify the production site, target site for each sex and describe the general actions of the hormone

1. Compare and Contrast the processes of Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis:

1. Describe the phase hormone is released and the action of each hormone in the Reproductive (Menstrual) cycle.

   1. FSH

      1. Reproductive phase

      2. Specific action in cycle

   2. LH

      1. Reproductive phase

      2. Specific action in cycle

   3. LH surge

      1. Reproductive phase

      2. Specific action in cycle

   4. Estrogen

      1. Reproductive phase

      2. Specific action in cycle

   5. Progesterone

      1. Reproductive phase

      2. Specific action in cycle

2. Identify the ovarian hormone that triggers:

   1. LH surge (Positive feedback control)

   2. Decrease FSH and LH secretion (Negative feedback control)

3. Compare and contrast the different phases of the Reproductive cycle:

1. Define Menopause and describe approximate age of onset and the effects on the body of Menopause

TOPIC 11 - FETAL DEVELOPMENT

1. For each event or stage below, identify the process that is occurring to lead to next stage, identify location for each stage in female reproductive structures and describe function of specialized structures and what they will develop into

   1. Penetration - event

      1. Description

      2. Location

   2. Fertilization - event

      1. Description

      2. Location

   3. Zygote - stage

      1. Description

      2. Location

      3. Process

   4. Morula - stage

      1. Description

      2. Location

      3. Process

   5. Blastocyst - stage

      1. Description

         1. Trophoblast

         2. Inner cell mass

      2. Location

      3. Process

   6. Implantation – event

      1. Description

      2. Stage that implant