Describe environmental pollution concerns associated with Portland cement and some possible solutions with supporting examples

Introduction:

Portland Cement:

Portland cement is the main ingredient in the production of concrete. Concrete is the most commonly used material in the construction industry which mainly comprises cement, aggregates, and water. Here, the cement production process creates environmental issues when carbon footprint is considered. Cement production creates a global emission of 5-8%.

Manufacturing of Cement:

Cement is produced using limestone and clay materials which are heated at 1400-1600^oC in a kiln. After heating at a high temperature, clinker (lumpy substance) is produced, and then it is mixed with gypsum to produce cement.

Emissions from cement:

The manufacturing of cement requires high energy, it emits a large number of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The emission is both direct and indirect. The heating process of limestone emits carbon-di-oxide into the atmosphere directly whereas the burning fuel for heating purposes results in indirect emission of carbon-di-oxide. 

Apart from CO₂, the other greenhouse gases released from cement production are nitrous oxides, sulfur-di-oxide, and carbon monoxide. The continuous emission of cement particles creates a local impact of respiratory problems which may be acute or chronic.

Also, the materials used for the production of cement are non-renewable resources. An increase in the production of cement depletes the availability of raw materials. Quarrying and mining will have a negative impact on the environment such as loss in biodiversity, global warming, change in climate and vegetation, degradation of the ecosystem, etc.