Define the following terms: a. autotroph b. chemoautotroph c. photoautotroph d. photoheterotroph e. chemoheterotroph

Your cousin is embracing a sugar-free lifestyle and has made sugar-free jam. Canned food that is low in sugar, acid, and salt can grow a bacteria called Clostridium. Consuming these canned foods can cause a potentially lethal condition called botulism where Clostridium cells release a nerve toxin that causes difficulty breathing and/or muscle paralysis. Give one piece of advice on how to do it at its safest. (0.5) B. Your aunt has asked you to convince your cousin to not eat the jam. What communication style will you use and why? (Note: the mark is for the justification, no assumptions are being made about your relative.)

The following four chemicals commonly found in defined growth media contain all of the necessary atomic macronutrients, namely C, O, N, H, S and P, which microbes require:  glucose (C6H12O6), K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, and (NH4)HPO4.   Part a.  Create a simple diagram to map which growth media chemical contributes atoms to which of the four biological macromolecules (amino acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and ribonucleic acids).   Part b.  Consider a cell culture broth that originally (before inoculation with cells) contains 5.0 gr/L glucose (C6H12O6), 1.2 gr/L K2HPO4, 0.3 gr/L MgSO4∙7H2O, and 1.0 gr/L (NH4)HPO4.  Create a table showing how much of each of the different atoms (C, H, O, K, P, Mg, S, N) are available for incorporation into cell macromolecules (assume 50% of the glucose is catabolized, while the remainder goes for energy (respiration).  Express your answers with units of grams of atomic species / liter of culture broth.

What is the purpose of having multiple chlorophylls and what do the other pigments serve ?