Define rivalry and excludability and use these terms to discuss to discuss four categories of goods.

The following graph represents the market for high-emissions cars. Answer this question assuming that the externality is not internalised. Which quantity is socially optimal (i.e. what is the efficient quantity)? What is the deadweight loss generated by the externality?

2 The market for education confers positive externalities on society. Which of the following is an example of a positive externality that it provides? Higher quality of public institutions like government and law Subsidies for providing education Higher salary for the person earning a degree More colleges and universities X OOOO W F2 3 16 80 F3 E 888 FA R DE F % V T MacBook Air 6 Y B & 7 H tv NA 2 N 8 K M 0 W Aa zoom 0

Define the concepts of public good, non-excludable, non-rival, and tragedy of the commons.

Sh 13  Subject - economics

Problem 5 refers to the following setup: The demand curve in a market is Q = 6-P. Firm A and B are the only sellers, their marginal costs are constant at 2 and 3 respectively, and there is no fixed cost. They produce identical goods. 5. a) What is the socially efficient outcome? (Specify the quantity for each firm.) b) Find the quantity produced by each firm and the price under Cournot competition. c) What is each firm's profit under Cournot competition?

3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for pharmaceuticals. Suppose that a pharmaceutical factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing additional pharmaceuticals imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $280. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for pharmaceuticals. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $280 per unit. PRICE (Dollars per unit of pharmaceuticals) 800 720 640 560 480 400 320 240 160 80 O 1 2 3 □ O O ㅁ 4 Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 5 6 7 QUANTITY (Units of pharmaceuticals) Social Cost ? The market equilibrium quantity is units of pharmaceuticals, but the socially optimal quantity of pharmaceuticals production is units. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal…

Who is responsible for our current Tragedy of the Commons?

4. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Cars impose many external costs on society: carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to air pollution, congestion on roadways, and so on. Therefore, the market quantity of cars is not equal to the efficient quantity. The following graph shows the private demand for cars, the private supply of cars, and the social supply of cars, which incorporates both private costs and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimum quantity. Note: Drop lines will extend to both axes automatically. DERIVATE QUARKET O5OCIAL SSOCIAL SPRVATE QUANTITY OF CARS From society's standpoint, the market is producing cars. This is an example of of resources. PRICE OF CARS

3. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Roses confer many external benefits on society: the beauty they add to a room or garden, the wonderful aroma they give off, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of roses is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for roses (their private value), the supply of roses (the private cost of producing them), and the social value of roses (the private value and external benefits).     Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity.