Define an opioid agonist, antagonist, mixed agonist-antagonist, and partial agonist. Give an example of each and how they are therapeutically useful.

Q: True or False: 4) Symptoms of withdrawal are usually the opposite of the effects of the…

A: Drugs are chemicals that can change how the body behaves or how the mind sees and understands the…

Q: Present the comparison of clinical benefit of the use of short and long-acting adrenergic…

A: Adrenergic beta-2-receptor agonists These are the group of drugs that activate Adrenergic beta 2…

Q: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action and side effects for tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),…

A: Depression is a type of mental health issue that occurs most frequently in early adulthood. It is…

Q: Why should steroid treatment be stopped gradually instead of abruptly?

A: Steroids are man-made versions of hormone-like substances produced naturally in the human body.…

Q: Describe the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of eicosanoids.

A: Eicosanoids are formed by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids or arachidonic acid. They are…

Q: Illustrate and explain the mechanism of analgesic action of morphine and also prove that morphine is…

A: Introduction Morphine, an opioid agonist, shows a pharmacological action as an analgesic by acting…

Q: Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at mu opioid receptors and is used for opioid maintenance…

A: Patient is receiving buprenorphine and naloxone is added with this drug.  Detailed solution in step…

Q: Why morphine show less analgesic activity after oral administration? Briefly explain at your own…

A: Morphine is a pain reliever in the opiate family that occurs naturally in a dark brown resinous…

Q: Define the term Analgesia?

A: Analgesia is defined as the insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness.

Q: What is the relative activity of the two structures shown below on the opioid receptor? HO HO. O A…

A: Opioids are group of morphine- like chemicals medically used as anesthesia and as pain relief. The…

Q: Why does morphine show less analgesic activity after oral administration?

A: Morphine was first isolated in the year 1805 from raw opium. Morphine is a potent pain suppressor…

Q: What is the main difference between inhibitory and excitory inhibitors?

A: These inhibitors are usually in the form of neurotransmitters secreted from the synapses. The…

Q: Caffeine and its analogs affect TWO chemical communication systems in the body, Adenosine and…

A: Caffeine is the most psychoactive drugs that stimulates the central nervous system.

Q: Carbamazepine decrease intensity of warfarin, why?

A: Carbamazepine is a medication used to prevent and control seizures. The other name of this…

Q: What are the receptor(s) involved in caffeine binding? What kind of interaction is established…

A: Caffeine is a stimulant that increases our alertness and energy temporarily. The adenosine present…

Q: How should athletic competitions deal with the problem of anabolic steroid use?

A: Athletic competitions have certain rules and regulations needed to keep the sports competitions…

Q: Is it true, as it was once suggested, that people on prescribed opioids are less likely to become…

A: Painkillers(analgesic) are defined as the group of drugs that play a major role relieving pain…

Q: Some AchE inhibitors can be used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. ? Choose one: True…

A: Alzheimer's disease is one of the many types of dementia, which is characterized by damage to the…

Q: 8. (a) What is agonist? How is an agonist for a target designed? Explain with suitable examples.

A: In receptor ligand interaction, the receptor is a macromolecule that serves as the binding site of…

Q: Which drug is afull agonist at opioid receptors with analgesics activitiy equivalent to morphine, a…

A: Analgesics are also known as painkillers which are used to give the patient to relieve the symptoms…

Q: Which choice properly identifies how racemic epinephrine is prepared?

A: Epinephrine is also known by the term adrenalin used to treat serious health issues like…

Q: Why is there an adverse interaction between monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) often given for…

A: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor: These are the class of antidepressant drugs. These are used to treat…

Q: Drugs that have been developed to potentiate inhibitory neurotransmitters (like gamma amino butyric…

A: Drugs are the chemical molecules, which acts on our body to bring back the normal physiological…

Q: Mrs. Kuchinski, a patient with cancer, has been on high doses of extended-release oxycodone, a…

A: Opioid analgesics are the group of analgesic which are used in the high level pain management in…

Q: In addition to analgesia, what are the major physiological effects of opioid drugs?

A: In addition to analgesia (pain relief), opioid drugs have a number of other physiological effects on…

Q: the Prove that morphine is an agonist? Explain at your own words. In Short.

A: An agonist is a chemical compound or a drug which binds to a receptor molecule and it activates the…

Q: Explain excitation and inhibition with opioid use

A: Introduction  Opioids are a class of drugs that interact with specific receptors in the brain and…

Q: How is DHEA which is found in dietary supplements a performance enhancing drug?

A: DHEA is dehydroepiandrosterone, a precursor of steroid hormone. It is secreted by the gonads and…

Q: Which of the following is classified as a partial opiate agonist : codeine, heroin, Vicodin, or…

A: 1. Subutex (Buprenorphine): Subutex is the brand name for buprenorphine, which is classified as a…

Q: What is a steroid? What are the causes and harms of steroid use?

A: The steroids are the biologically active substance with the cyclopentanophenanthrene ring. It is…

Q: Why does morphine show less analgesic activity after oral administration? explain at your own words

A: Medications that we used today for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases  are in…

Q: compare the actions and side effects of typical antipsychotics with atypical antipsychotics

A: Typical Antipsychotics (First-Generation):Primarily block dopamine D2 receptors in the brain's…

Q: abel the following on the graph: C 1000 10000 Percent Effect

A: Partial agonists are ligands that bind to the agonist recognition site but produce a weaker response…

Q: Methamphetamine "highs" are often followed with psychiatric-like behavioural abnormalities. Is…

A: Methamphetamine is potent central nervous system stimulant mainly used as a recreational drug and as…

Q: When does histamine work/occur as a neurotransmitter?

A: Histamine is secreted from histaminergic neurons present in the hypothalamus. It specifically is…

Q: Give examples of two histamine antagonists that have very different tissue specificities and…

A: Histamine is involved in local immune responses(allergies) to a particular substance such as pollens…

Q: The endogenous ligand for an ion channel causes the influx of 50 Na+ ions per second. This ion…

A: antagonist:A ligand that binds to a receptor and changes the receptor's state to cause a biological…

Q: A drug with an intrinsic activity of 0.2 is best classified as a/an: Answers A-D A full agonist B…

A: Intrinsic Activity- it is the activity which refers to the maximal possible effects which can be…

Q: what is the difference between a partial agonist,full agonist and an inverse agonist ,and why they…

A: Introduction: Proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body are called receptors.

Q: Clinicians have come to realize that Benzodiazepine drugs poses significant problems. Which are…

A: The fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring forms the molecular structure of benzodiazepines,…

Q: How does ligand binding, and voltage changes regulate specific types of ion channels? Provide…

A: Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the cell membrane. They…

Stress

Stress is defined as the feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with emotional or mental pressure. Any event or action that makes a person annoyed, furious, or nervous can trigger it. Chemical changes in the body caused by stress can cause blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and heart rate to rise.