d. In the Balsams, Hairston discovered the removal of an average of 2.8 P. glutinosus within altitudinal erlap zones resulted in an average increase in the density of P. jordani by 1.8 individuals. Based upon these a, how many P. jordani individuals are equivalent to 1 P. glutinosus in the Balsams? e. Write the Lotka-Volterra competition equations for these two salamanders in each mountain range. f. Plot a graph of the isoclines for the competitive interaction between these salamanders in each untain range. Indicate the direction of population growth for both species in each section of the graphs and icate the outcome of competition.
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- The Atlantic cod population is of primary economic importance to fishingcommunities throughout the maritime provinces in Canada. Unfortunately, thispopulation has underwent an extreme collapse in recent years due to overfishing.Some argue, however, that the collapse of the cod population may actually beattributed to an increase in the population of harp seals, a known predator ofcod. One suggestion to help cod stocks recover is therefore to permit the huntingof harp seals on a large scale. Suggest and explain one potentially negativeconsequence of limiting the harp seal population.What if we were able to restore some critical salmon habitat, like the forests surrounding the spawning streams? To test this restoration, increase K to 40,000 fish. What would that do to the MSY value? [ Select ] Does this mean you would be able to harvest more or less fish? [ Select ]In the Introduction, the authors set the stage for their experiment. What ecological issues were facing Yellowstone National Park when wolves were no longer there, and how were the researchers going to test the questions they wanted to ask? In 4 – 6 sentences, summarize the Methods section of this paper. One of the questions the researchers asked when they began their experiment was “With wolves now back on the Yellowstone landscape for 15 years, how has the reintroduction of wolves affected the recruitment of the woody browse species?” Use data from the Ripple and Beschta paper to support your answer. In any scientific paper, the Discussion is often the most hard-hitting, and where researchers elaborate and explain their results in the context of their experiment and the real world. Explain why when researchers tried culling some of the elk herd it did not have trophic effects, while reintroducing wolves did have trophic effects. Describe the multiple impacts of wolf…
- You've been out in the field collecting data on the predation of holly leaves. You collect 200 leaves in total of which 100 leaves contain one mine, 20 leaves contain 2 mines and 30 leaves contain 3 mines. After close examination with your hand lens and dissecting microscope you categorize a total of 15 mines with round holes, 9 mines that were torn open and 27 mines with an irregular hole. After some basic analyses you conclude that the predation rates by blue tits and wasps are: A. 3.7% and 6.5% B. 6% and 10% C. 10% and 6% D. 4% and 6.5%The Barton Springs salamander is an endangered species found only inthree adjacent springs in the city of Austin, Texas. There is growingconcern that a chemical spill on a nearby freeway could pollute thespring and wipe out the species. To provide a source of salamanders torepopulate the spring in the event of such a catastrophe, a proposal hasbeen made to establish a captive breeding population of the salamanderin a local zoo. You are asked to provide a plan for the establishment ofthis captive breeding population, with the goal of maintaining as muchof the genetic variation of the species as possible. What factors mightcause loss of genetic variation in the establishment of the captivepopulation? How could loss of such variation be prevented? With theassumption that only a limited number of salamanders can bemaintained in captivity, what procedures should be instituted to ensurethe long-term maintenance of as much variation as possible?The table below shows the size of species A and B populations that live on a small island near Philippine.a) State how the information in the table can be used to determine thatthe species B is the predator.b) Briefly explain TWO (2) possible ecological reasons, other than humanactivity, for the change in species A population between 1985 and 1990.c) Name TWO (2)limiting factors that keep the species B population sizefrom growing any larger.
- Consider two species A and 8, with natural growth rates rA = 2 and re = 4 respectively, and natural carrying capacities MA = 600 and MB = 20, respectively. Suppose the species interact so that e = 0.5 and eg = 0.1. (a) If the species interact according to competition: (Give your answers correct to at least two decimal places.) The interesting equilibrium occurs when A = and B = If the initial populations are A(0) = 2 and B(0) = 1, one of the two species eventually dominates. Which one? O Species A O Species B !3! What is the long-term population of this dominant species? (Give your answer correct to the nearest integer.) (b) If the species interact according to symbiosis: (Give your answers correct to the nearest integer.) The interesting equilibrium occurs when A= and 8- If the initial populations are A(0) - 39 and B(0) = 4, what happens? O one species dies off O both species die off O both species survive (c) If the species interact according to commensalism: (Give your answers…(A) G = rN K – N) (В) K (C) (х-аxis) Question: What does the dotted line represent? O a. carrying capacity O b. plateau ability O c. log phase O d. lag phase (y-axis)You visit a medium-sized Caribbean island and identify 4 species of anole lizard. Consider the 3 possible scenarios below. You return to the island a number of years after each of these scenarios. Explain which outcome below (i to iii) you expect for each scenario and briefly justify your prediction. 3-4 sentences for each scenario. (i) An increase in the number of anole species (ii) A decrease in the number of anole species (iii) No change in the number of anole species A) Scenario A: Scenario A: A new virus is introduced, which causes all the anoles to become colour blind. B) Scenario B: An earthquake separates the island into two islands. C) Scenario C: An invasive herbivorous insect species is introduced to the island, which devastates many plant species and causes the habitat to become much less complex.
- TejaTscharntke’s studies of the food web associated with Phragmites reeds revealedthat:a.only a single parasitoid species can persist exploiting a single speciesof herbivore.b.only a single herbivore species can persist attacking a single speciesof plant.c.predation by birds actually protects herbivores, because the birds feedon parasitoid-infested herbivore galls but not uninfested galls.d.within local food webs, all interactions tend to be of roughly the samestrength.e.recognizing variation in interaction strength can greatly simplify thedepiction of a food web.Kudu Scenario Kudu are an antelope species found in easterm and southerm Africa. Male kuou have dramatically spiraled homs, which makes them a target of trophy hunters. Begin by setting up the following parameters: k= 100, r= 0.26, N, = 10. Use the gear icon to adjust the min & max values of N, and k to 2 and 200, respectively. Set the max value oft to 50. 25. At what time ("T value) do kudu populations reach their carrying capacity, given these parameters? 28. What happens to the growth rate of a kudu population as it gets closer and closer to its carrying сарacity? 27. What sorts of environmental changes might cause k to increase in this environment? What might cause k to decrease? 28. Trophy hunters move into the area, leading to an increased death rate, which decreases the growth rate rto 0.13. Exolain how this change will impact the population growth patten. [Hint Look at when the population now reaches its carrying capacity, given this decrease in r. Compare your original curve…1. Based on the graph, determine the population of carabao in: i. 4 years: 2. Based on the graph, determine the population of carabao in: ii. 5 years:3. Based on the graph, determine the population of carabao in: iii. 6 years:4. What is the maximum carrying capacity of carabao in the given ecosystem? 5. How many years did it take for the carabao to reach its carrying capacity? Explain your answer