(d) The study described is an example of a noninferiority clinical trial intended to show that the effect of a new treatment, the aerosolized vaccine, is not worse than the standard treatment by more than a specified margin.* Spe- cifically, is the percentage of children who developed an immune response for the aerosol treatment more than 5% below the percentage for the sub- cutaneous injected vaccine? The five-percentage-point difference was based on previous studies and the fact that with a bigger difference the aerosol- ized vaccine would not provide the levels of protection necessary to achieve herd immunity. Using your answer in part (c), do you feel the investigators demonstrated the noninferiority of the aerosolized vaccine? Explain.

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