Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Transcribed Image Text:**Title:** Understanding Electron Flow in Chemical Reactions
**Curved Arrows in Mechanistic Steps**
**Instruction:**
Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic steps.
Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps.
**Reaction Details:**
- **Reagents:** CH₃CH₂OK, CH₃CH₂OH
- **Conditions:** Heat
**Diagram Explanation:**
The image shows a chemical diagram with a series of structural formulas:
1. **Left Structure:**
- An ethoxide ion (CH₃CH₂O⁻) with a lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom.
2. **Middle Structure:**
- A secondary alkyl halide with a bromine atom attached, depicted using its structure:
- Central carbon atoms bonded with Hydrogen (H), a Bromo group (Br), and other carbon chains.
- Potassium ion (K⁺) is shown nearby.
3. **Right Structure:**
- An ethanol molecule (CH₃CH₂OH) with the oxygen atom connected to hydrogen.
**Instructions for Drawing:**
To complete the mechanistic steps, identify and draw the arrows indicating electron movement. These arrows should show:
- How electrons shift from the nucleophile (ethoxide ion) to the electrophilic site (carbon attached to bromine) for potential substitution or elimination.
- The movement of electrons in bond-breaking (e.g., breaking C-Br bond) and bond-forming (e.g., forming a new C-O bond) processes.
Ensure that all steps reflect the proper electron flow in the reaction's transformation.
Transcribed Image Text:The image depicts a chemical reaction involving the conversion of a bromide compound using a potassium ethoxide (CH₃CH₂OK) and ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) solution under heat. Here is a detailed breakdown of the reaction:
### Chemical Reaction:
1. **Reaction Conditions and Reagents:**
- **Reagents:** Potassium ethoxide (CH₃CH₂OK) and ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)
- **Conditions:** Heat is applied.
2. **Reactants:**
- A brominated compound with a structure shown on the right side:
- It is a secondary alkyl bromide.
3. **Products:**
- An alkene structure formed by the elimination of HBr.
- Side products may include the alcohol and/or leftover potassium.
### Diagram Explanation:
- **Left Side Diagram:**
- **Ethoxide Ion (CH₃CH₂O⁻):** Shown as an ethyl group (two carbon chain) connected to an oxygen with a negative charge, and potassium as a counterion (K⁺).
- **Starting Bromide Compound:** Displaying a secondary alkyl bromide, with the bromine atom carrying a partial negative charge (δ⁻).
- **Right Side Diagram:**
- **Formed Alkene:** The double bond is formed as a result of the elimination.
- **Bromide Ion (Br⁻) and Ethanol:** As side products.
The reaction is an example of an E2 elimination, where the ethoxide ion acts as a strong base, removing a hydrogen atom adjacent to the bromine-bearing carbon, leading to the formation of an alkene and the liberation of a bromide ion.
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