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Correlate Mendel’s four postulates with what is now known
about homologous chromosomes, genes, alleles, and the process
of meiosis.
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- Meiosis Explains Mendels Results: Genes Are on Chromosomes The following diagram shows a hypothetical diploid cell. The recessive allele for albinism is represented by a, and d represents the recessive allele for deafness. The normal alleles for these conditions are represented by A and D, respectively. a. According to the principle of segregation, what is segregating in this cell? b. According to Mendels principle of independent assortment, what is independently assorting in this cell? c. How many chromatids are in this cell? d. Write the genotype of the individual from whom this cell was taken. e. What is the phenotype of this individual? f. What stage of cell division is represented by this cell (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase of meiosis I, meiosis II, or mitosis)? g. After meiosis is complete, how many chromatids and chromosomes will be present in one of the four progeny cells?Variations on a Theme by Mendel Pea plants usually have white or red flowers. A strange pea-plant variant is found that has pink flowers. A selfcross of this plant yields the following phenotypes: 30 red flowers 62 pink flowers 33 white flowers What are the genotypes of the parents? What is the genotype of the progeny with red flowers?Meiosis Explains Mendels Results: Genes Are on Chromosomes Discuss the pertinent features of meiosis that provide a physical correlate to Mendels abstract genetic laws of random segregation and independent assortment.
- In humans, color vision depends on genes encodingthree pigments. The R (red pigment) and G (green pigment) genes are close together on the X chromosome,whereas the B (blue pigment) gene is autosomal. A recessive mutation in any one of these genes can cause colorblindness. Suppose that a color-blind man married awoman with normal color vision. The four sons from thismarriage were color-blind, and the five daughters werenormal. Specify the most likely genotypes of both parents and their children, explaining your reasoning. (Apedigree drawing will probably be helpful.) (Problem 50is by Rosemary Redfield.)What aspect of chromosome behaviour most clearly accounts for Mendel's law of segregation? Crossing-over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis Movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles at anaphase II of meiosis Movement of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles at anaphase I of meiosis Independent alignment of different homologous pairs on the metaphase I spindle Replication of chromosomes prior to meiosisAssuming (i) that the two chromosomes in everyhomologous pair carry different alleles of somegenes, and (ii) that no crossing-over takes place, howmany genetically different offspring could any onehuman couple potentially produce? Which of thesetwo assumptions (i or ii) is more realistic?
- The karyotype of a young girl who is affected with familialDown syndrome revealed a total of 46 chromosomes. Her olderbrother, however, who is phenotypically unaffected, actually had45 chromosomes. Explain how this could happen. What wouldyou expect to be the numbers of chromosomes in the parents ofthese two children?Morgan first suggested that theoriginal white-eyed male had two copies of the white-eye allele. Inthis problem, let’s assume that he meant the fly was XwYwinstead ofXw Y What crosses would need to be made to rule out the possibility thatthe Y chromosome carries a copy of the eye color gene?On rare occasions, an organism may have three copies of achromosome and therefore has three copies of the genes on thatchromosome (instead of the usual number of two copies). Forsuch a rare organism, the alleles for each gene usually segregateso that a gamete will contain one or two copies of the gene. Let’ssuppose that a rare pea plant has three copies of the chromosomethat carries the height gene. Its genotype is TTt. The plant is alsoheterozygous for the seed color gene, Yy, which is found on adifferent chromosome. With regard to both genes, how manytypes of gametes can this plant make, and in what proportions?(Assume that it is equally likely that a gamete will contain oneor two copies of the height gene.)
- Explain the rationale behind a testcross. Is it necessary for one ofthe parents to be homozygous recessive for the genes of interest?In the heterozygous parent of a testcross, must all of the dominantalleles be linked on the same chromosome and all of the recessivealleles be linked on the homolog?EVOLUTION CONNECTION Crossing over is thought to beevolutionarily advantageous because it continually shufflesgenetic alleles into novel combinations. Until recently, it wasthought that the genes on the Y chromosome might degenerate because they lack homologous genes on the X chromosomewith which to pair up prior to crossing over. However, when theY chromosome was sequenced, eight large regions were foundto be internally homologous to each other, and quite a few ofthe 78 genes represent duplicates. (Y chromosome researcherDavid Page has called it a “hall of mirrors.”) Explain what mightbe a benefit of these regions.If you try to throw a basketball into a basket, the likelihood ofsucceeding depends on the size of the basket. It is more likely thatyou will get the ball into the basket if the basket is bigger. In yourown words, explain how this analogy applies to the idea that thelikelihood of crossing over is greater when two genes are far apartthan when they are close together?