Complete the description of the pentose phosphate pathway by filling the correct term to each blank. The pentose phosphate pathway is a two‑stage pathway that generates ______ , which is a reductant in many biosynthetic reactions and takes part in detoxifying reactive oxygen species, and __________ , which is a nucleotide (DNA and RNA) precursor. The substrate for the pentose phosphate pathway is ___________

For each step of the citric acid cycle, name the enzyme responsible for the chemical transformation that occurs and classify the enzyme type: Step 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step 5. Step 6. Step 7. Step 8. i. oxidoreductase (oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases) ii. transferase (transaminases, kinses) iii. hydrolase (lipases, proteases, nucleases, carbohydrases, phosphateses) iv. lyase (dehydratase, decarboxylase, deaminase, hydratase) v. isomerase (racemases, mutases) vi. ligase (synthetases, carboxylaces) Enzyme Name Enzyme Type

You are a genetic analyst and you have a patient with inherited defects of glycolysis. Specifically, this patient has severe symptoms that stem from issues in their erythrocytes (red blood cells). You find that your patient has a deficiency in Hexokinase (HK). Given this information and keeping in mind what you learned about the steps of glycolysis, bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), and the importance of 2,3 BPG for hemoglobin oxygen binding what do you predict will be the effect of this mutation? Select all that apply. decreased 2,3BPG concentrations reduced flow of metabolites through glycolysis increased 2,3BPG concentrations increased flow of metabolites through glycolysis decreased hemoglobin oxygen affinity increased hemoglobin oxygen affinity 000000

If you can clearly visualize the chymotrypsin mechanism of action, you should be able to picture the structure of the transition state right after the enzyme attacks the first substrate. Think hard about what we have covered, and visualize that transition state accurately:

c) Some scientists debate whether it is correct to consider pyruvate as “the end of glycolysis”. Elaborate on this statement, discussing supporting and limiting facts.

Lactic acid is a biproduct formed at the end of anaerobic respiration. This molecule is dangerous to cells of the body if it builds up too much. Despite this, the formation of lactic acid is very important. Explain why the process of anaerobic respiration is so important (providing reference to glycolysis, the role of coenzymes, and ATP formation).

Corticosteroids (a type of hormone), and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are non-narcotic pain relievers. Both medications are prescribed to reduce inflammation in the body.  NSAIDs such as aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen are able to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation by blocking the action of the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Common corticosteroids include prednisone, cortisone, and methylprednisolone.  Choose one of these three corticosteroids.  Do some internet research on the corticosteroid that you choose and then explain how the drug works to reduce inflammation.

Part A Using abbreviations (not structures), write the reaction of coenzyme A that gives off energy (-AG). Match the items in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the equation on the right. CoA+ acetate acetyl acetyl CoA. COA acetyl Previous Answers Request Answer Submit Reset Help

Below is an image showing how cellular respiration is regulated. Imagine someone ingested a toxin that prevents pyruvate from entering the mitochondria. Which of the following statements is true? Inhibits ATP Glucose GLYCOLYSIS Copyright 2018 Pearson Canada Inc. Fructose 6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Pyruvate Acetyl COA CITRIC ACID CYCLE Oxidative phosphorylation AMP I Stimulates Inhibits Citrate The amount of citrate in the cell would decrease, leading to a decrease in the activity of phosphofructokinse. The amount of citrate in the cell would increase, leading to a decrease in the activity of phosphofructokinse. The amount of citrate in the cell would decrease, leading to an increase in the activity of phosphofructokinse. The amount of citrate in the cell would increase, leading to an increase in the activity of phosphofructokinse.

The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway. In fact, it is interconnected to many pathways we have studied throughout the semester. List 6 connections between the citric acid cycle and other metabolic pathways. Be sure to state briefly the point (i.e.molecule/enzyme shared between CAC and indicated pathway) of connections.