Compare and contrast top-down versus bottom-up database design approaches.

Explain the concept of database sharding and its role in horizontal scaling of databases.

Explain the techniques and alternatives that may be used for database design distribution. To do this, describe the benefits and disadvantages of database distribution.

At least nine separate parts that make up a typical database environment should be talked about.

When comparing the performance of a distributed database over a wide-area network to that over a local-area network, what are the most important distinctions to be made?

Define the term "data modeling" and explain its importance in the context of database design and management.

Describe the concept of sharding in database architecture and its importance.

. Consider the alphabet Σ = {0,1}. Give regular expressions generating the following lan- guages. (a) {w ¤ Σ* | w begins with a 0 and ends with a 1} (b) {w € Σ* | w contains at least four Os} 1* (c) {w € Σ* | w contains the substring 1101} (d) {w € Σ* | w has length at least 4 and its third symbol is a 0} (e) {w € Σ* | w begins with a 0 and has even length, or begins with a 1 and has odd length} (f) {€,0} (g) The empty set (h) All strings over Σ (i) All strings over Σ except the empty string

This category includes characteristics of database architecture such as program separation, multiple user support, and the use of catalogs.

Differentiate between database schema and database instance with an example.