Choose all that apply. We sample a population and genotype 2 loci on 100 chromosomes. We find the following haplotypes: 20 are AB 40 are Ab 10 are ab 30 are aB Calculate the frequency of B on chromosomes with A and then on chromosomes with a. Based on you calculations, is B likely in linkage disequilibrium with the other
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Genetic Recombination
Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.
Microbial Genetics
Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.
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- Assignment 3 Linkage and Recombination 1. In corn, the genes an (anther ear), br (brachytic), and f (fine stripe) are linked. Testeross data are as follows: Number Number 355 2 Progeny Progeny +++ 88 an ++ ++f + br + + br f 21 an +f an br + an br f 2 17 399 55 Determine the linkage map and the genotype of the homozygous parents used to obtain the heterozygote for testcross.This problem leads you through the derivation of acorrected equation for RF in yeast tetrad analysis thattakes into account double crossover (DCO) meioses. A yeast strain that cannot grow in the absence ofthe amino acid histidine (his−) is mated with a yeaststrain that cannot grow in the absence of the aminoacid lysine (lys−). Among the 400 unordered tetrads resulting from this mating, 233 were PD, 11 wereNPD, and 156 were T.a. What types of spores are in the PD, NPD, andT tetrads?b. Are the his and lys genes linked? How do you know? c. Using the simple equation RF = 100 × [NPD +(1/2)T]/total tetrads, calculate the distance in mapunits between the his and lys genes.d. If you think about all the kinds of meiotic eventsthat could occur (refer to Fig. 5.24), you can seethat the calculation you did in part (c) may substantially underestimate RF. What kinds of meioses(NCO, SCO, or DCO) generated each of the tetradtypes in this cross? e. What incorrect assumptions does the simple RFequation…. Imagine that you have done a cross between twostrains of yeast, one of which has the genotype A B Cand the other a b c, where the letters refer to threerather closely linked genes in the order given. Youexamine many tetrads resulting from this cross, andyou find two that do not contain the expected two Band two b spores. In tetrad I, the spores are A B C, AB C, a B c, and a b c. In tetrad II, the spores are A BC, A b c, a b C, and a b c. How have these unusualtetrads arisen?
- the progeny i each seehario. Q4. You conducted an experiment similar to Morgan's fruit fly but you used honey bee instead. You are thus following 2 genes, the wing size Long (L) and short (1) and body color Yellow (Y) and black (y). You crossed YyLI x yyll and obtained 4,000 offspring. You counted the offspring classes and found the following distribution as follows: 1200 YyLl individuals 1190 yyll individuals 800 Yyll individuals 810 yyLl individuals a) what is the phenotype of each class of offspring? b) Which classes are of the parental type and which are the recombinant types? c) What is the recombination frequency between both genes? d) What is the map distance in cM and in map units between both genes? When you counted the offspring, you also collected data on a third gene coding for antenna shape. The gene has 2 alleles in the population, bended antenna (B) and straight antenna (b). You found a distance of 13 cM between the gene for antenna shape and that for wing size, and 24…Linkage Mapping Using a Trihybrid Testcross in Fruit Flies Remember the black, purple, and vestigial genes from Exercise 1? Now you're going to have to construct a map of the same region from trihybrid testcross data. The new map should be similar to the one from Exercise 1, but it won't be identical because we're starting with a new, independent data set. BLACK PURPLE VESTIGIAL TRIHYBRID TESTCROSS In the parental generation, you mate a pure-breeding wild-type female (bl+/bl*pu*/pu+vg+/vg+ with a pure-breeding black, purple, vestigial male (bl/bl;pu/pu vg/vg) to produce an F1 generation that is all wild-type (bl/bliput/pu;vg+/vg). Note that the F1 flies are all trihybrid. Next, you mate several F1 trihybrid females (bl/bl:put/pu;vg+/vg) with tester males, which are black, purple, vestigial (bl/bl;pu/pu;vg/vg). The offspring of this trihybrid testcross are: Phenotype Wild-type Black, purple, vestigial Vestigial Black, purple Purple, vestigial Black Purple Black, vestigial bl pu vg bl pu…Below you will find a spreadsheet of the "class" data, use this to complete data table 2. Remember, the class is a total of 24 students, to calculate frequency use the genotype with the highest frequency for each characteristic and divide that number by 24. Don't forget to answer the question on the bottom of page 107! Gender Letters XY XX Sex X, Y 11 13 XX Homozygous Heterozygous Homozygous Recessive Genotype highest frequency Characteristic Dominant Aa Eyebrows Eye Shape Hitchhikers А, а R, r 14 10 11 3 Rr Hh Н, h D, d Е, е F,f G, g В, Ь 15 Earlobes 4 8. 12 dd Ee Tongue Roll Widows Peak 7 10 13 Ff Face Shape 9. 12 3 Gg Eye Color 14 Bb MacBook Air esc 4) FI F2 F4 F5 F6 F8 F9 F10 F1I F12 @ # $ &
- Tick all the essential steps to demonstrate a genetic linkage between a disease and a molecular marker in humans. identify the alleles of the genetic marker only for diseased individuals in the pedigree enumerate parental type individuals sequence the wild-type and mutant alleles to find the mutation no correct answer calculate a Lod score calculate the recombination frequency between the mutation and the molecular marker identify the alleles of the genetic marker for each individual in the pedigree pedigree analysis cloning the defective gene enumerate recombinant individualsFigure 1. Showing a homologous pair of chromosomes that carry two linked genes. Here we can see that one chromosome carries A and Balleles, while the other homologous chromosome carries a and b alleles. This is much more informative than just giving the genotype of AaBb. Another way to symbolize the arrangement of alleles on a chromosome is to give the symbols for alleles on one chromosome above a horizontal line, and the symbols for the alleles on the homologous chromosome below the horizontal line. For example: A Figure 2. Showing the arrangement of alleles for a pair of linked genes. Here we can see that, exactly like the example in Figure 1, one chromosome carries A and B alleles, while the other chromosome carries a and b alleles. 1. Suppose that Gene G and Gene D are linked. If the genotype of an organism is GGDD, use both types of symbols you learned in Figure 1 and Figure 2 above to show the arrangement of alleles for this organism.In a human somatic cell (normal body cell) that is in G2, what would be true about chromosome number and structure? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply These cells would be considered haploid (n).These cells would be considered haploid (n). The chromosomes would be in the replicated state.The chromosomes would be in the replicated state. The chromosomes would be attached to microtubules at their centromeres.The chromosomes would be attached to microtubules at their centromeres. These cells would contain homologous chromosomes.These cells would contain homologous chromosomes. These cells would contain sister chromatids.These cells would contain sister chromatids. The chromosomes will be aligned in the middle of the cell. The chromosomes will be aligned in the middle of the cell.
- Extra Question Chapter 4 1. Consider the following cross concerning 4 different gene loci: AaBbCcDd (x) AabbCcdd From this cross, what is the probability of getting a progeny (offspring) with genotype AABbccdd? b. From this cross, what is the probability of getting a progeny (offspring) with genotype AabbCcDd? c. From this cross, what is the probability of getting a male progeny (offspring) with genotype aaBbCcdd? 2. Your neighbor has twelve children. One is blue eye color and short. Two are brown eye color and short. Two are blue eye color and tall. Seven look just like the parents; brown eye color with tall. What can you discover about the genetics of eye color and height of the children? a. How many traits are you dealing with? Each trait has phenotypes: Specify the phenotypes. b. What is the probability of the height of the children? What is the probability of the eye color of the children? (Refer to monohybrid punnett square slides 17-19) c. What are recessive traits based on the…Construct a chromosome map from the following charts showing crossover frequencies for linkage groups on autosomes. (this one is tricky due to the unusual recombinations Gene Combinations Recombination Frequency y/w 2.2 v/m 3.0 v/r 26.6 v/w 30.0 v/y 32.2 w/m 33.0 y/m 35.2 w/r 56.6F O > a. Draw the structure of the acentromeric chromosome using a line and letters to designate loci in their appropriate order. b. Show the structure of the two chromosomes following the second meiotic division that were not involved in the recombination event. Draw these chromosomes using lines and letters to designate the loci in their proper order. m D B