Chlorobenzene is nitrated using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. During the pilot plant studies, a charge consisted of 100 kg of chlorobenzene, 106.5 kg of 65.5% by wt nitric acid and 108 kg of 93.6% by wt sulfuric acid. After 2 hours of operation, the final mixture was analyzed. It was found that the final product contained 2% unreacted chlorobenzene. Also the product distribution was found to be 66% p-nitrochlorobenzene and 34% 0- nitrochlorobenzene. Calculate: (a) % conversion of chlorobenzene and (b) composition of the product mixture.

A gas mixture consisting of 80% ethane and 20% oxygen is burned in an engine with200% excess air. 80% of the ethane goes to CO2, 10% to CO and 10% remains unburned. Calculate the composition of the exhaust gases on(a) a wet basis(b) a dry basis pls indicate which is a wet and dry basis in the solution.

1. Ethanol forms a nearly ideal solution with iso-butanol. The vapour-liquid equilibrium data is given below in terms of the more volatile component (ethanol).A heated feed containing 60mole % ethanol enters a flash drum at a rate of 50 kmol/h and equilibrium separation is achieved. What fraction of the feed to be vaporized to have a bottom product containing not more than 50% ethanol. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 y* 0.196429 0.354839 0.485294 0.594595 0.6875 0.767442 0.836957 0.897959 0.951923 1

1,3,5 trimethylbenzene may be reacted with hydrogen over a catalyst to form meta- xylene, which is a valuable product at $1.35/kg. However, meta-xylene may also react with hydrogen to form toluene, which is much less valuable at $0.50/kg. Methane is a side product of both reactions, and it gets recycled elsewhere in the plant. 1 kg of catalyst is degraded for each 200 kg of toluene produced, and it must be disposed of in a toxic waste landfill at a cost of $25/kg. It is proposed to alter the conditions of the reactor such that the selectivity of the reaction is increased from 0.8 (the current selectivity) to 0.9 (the proposed selectivity). Calculate the amount of money gained (in dollars) by making this change to the process, for each 100 kg of 1,3,5 trimethylbenzene reacted.