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Elements Of Modern Algebra
8th Edition
ISBN:9781285463230
Author:Gilbert, Linda, Jimmie
Publisher:Gilbert, Linda, Jimmie
Chapter6: More On Rings
Section6.1: Ideals And Quotient Rings
Problem 30E: a. For a fixed element a of a commutative ring R, prove that the set I={ar|rR} is an ideal of R....
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![Show that the set N of all nilpotent elements in a commutative ring R forms an ideal.
Also show that R/N has no nonzero nilpotent element.
Let us show that the set N of nilpotent elements in a commutative ring R forms an
ideal:
a) Check the under addition:
Let a and b be nilpotent elements, iea" = 0 and bn = 0. Then (a + b)+m can
be expanded in Newton's binomial:
(a + b)n+m
=
n+m
Σ(" + m) a² + 1
k=0
ak* bn+m-k
Since R is commutative, a and b commute, and each term contains either a" or bm
and then each term is zero. Therefore,(a + b)n+m = 0, and a + b is also a
nilpotent element.
b) Check the under multiplication by elements of the ring:
Let a EN and r ER. Then (ra)" = r² * a"=rn* 0 = 0, hence ra is also a nilpotent
element.
Thus N forms an ideal in R.
Let us show that there is no nonzero nilpotent element in R/N:
Let x + NE R/N be a nilpotent element, that is, (x + N) = x² + N = N for
some k > 0. This means that x* E N and x* -is a nilpotent element. But since x* *
0 (because x + N + N), x is itself a nilpotent element, and x E N. Hence x + N =
N, which contradicts the assumption that x+N‡N. Therefore, there is no non-zero
nilpotent element in R/N.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F19616a01-3b9f-4ded-9626-43dcd5e68cc7%2F425edc9a-dd59-49f1-b98f-61c18a3db9e8%2F5j2949w9_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:Show that the set N of all nilpotent elements in a commutative ring R forms an ideal.
Also show that R/N has no nonzero nilpotent element.
Let us show that the set N of nilpotent elements in a commutative ring R forms an
ideal:
a) Check the under addition:
Let a and b be nilpotent elements, iea" = 0 and bn = 0. Then (a + b)+m can
be expanded in Newton's binomial:
(a + b)n+m
=
n+m
Σ(" + m) a² + 1
k=0
ak* bn+m-k
Since R is commutative, a and b commute, and each term contains either a" or bm
and then each term is zero. Therefore,(a + b)n+m = 0, and a + b is also a
nilpotent element.
b) Check the under multiplication by elements of the ring:
Let a EN and r ER. Then (ra)" = r² * a"=rn* 0 = 0, hence ra is also a nilpotent
element.
Thus N forms an ideal in R.
Let us show that there is no nonzero nilpotent element in R/N:
Let x + NE R/N be a nilpotent element, that is, (x + N) = x² + N = N for
some k > 0. This means that x* E N and x* -is a nilpotent element. But since x* *
0 (because x + N + N), x is itself a nilpotent element, and x E N. Hence x + N =
N, which contradicts the assumption that x+N‡N. Therefore, there is no non-zero
nilpotent element in R/N.
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