Cells manage to synthesize a variety of seemingly thermodynamically unfavored molecules every day. Phosphorylated glucose is an example of one of these molecules. The direct phosphorylation reaction is depicted below. As indicated, the forward reaction is unfavorable with a positive standard free energy change:   glucose + phosphate⇄ glucose-6- phosphate + water                              ΔG°’ = +14 kJ/mol   Describe specifically a thermodynamically favorable route by which the cell can produce glucose-6- phosphate from glucose. Please note cells cannot change either the temperature or the pressure at which the reaction is occurring. Please help me understand by using steps. Thank you!

The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate: P₁+ glucose glucose 6-phosphate + H₂O This is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction, with AG° = +13.8 kJ/mol. a) In a liver cell at 37°C the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 5 mM each. What is the equilibrium concentration of glucose 6- phosphate, according to the above reaction? b) This very low concentration of glucose 6-phosphate is unfavorable for glycolysis. In fact, the reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP: ATP + H₂O2 ADP + P₁ +H* AG°¹ = -32.2 kJ/mol Write the expression for the overall reaction and calculate AG°¹. c) In addition to the glucose and phosphate concentrations listed in part (a) above, assume that the liver cell concentrations of ATP and ADP are 3 mM and 1 mM, respectively. Calculate the theoretical equilibrium concentration of glucose 6-phosphate at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C. C ZOOM +

The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to make phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide is endergonic under intracellular conditions. It is characterized by this equation:   Oxaloacetate + Pi ←→ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O + CO2 ΔG’ = +24.6 kJ/mol   The synthesis of GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in solution is endergonic under intracellular conditions, and it is characterized by this equation:   GDP + Pi ←→ GTP + H2O ΔG’ = +30.5 kJ/mol   Write a new net thermodynamically coupled reaction equation that describes the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate using the hydrolysis of GTP to power the reaction and calculate the new net ΔG’ of this reaction. Show all of your work.

Consider the following reaction at 298K. Fe2+ (aq) + Sn (s) — Fe (s) + Sn²+ (aq) Which of the following statements are correct? Choose all that apply. ☐ delta G° <0 Eº cell <0 K< 1 The reaction is product-favored. ☐ n = 1 mol electrons

Coupling ATP hydrolysis to glucose phosphorylation makes thermodynamic sense, but consider how the coupling might take place. Given that coupling requires a common intermediate, one conceivable mechanism is to use ATP hydrolysis to raise the intracellular concentration of P,. The increase in P, concentration would drive the unfavorable phosphorylation of glucose by P. Is increasing the P concentration a reasonable way to couple ATP hydrolysis and glucose phosphorylation? No. The phosphate salts of divalent cations would be present in excess and precipitate out. Yes. The extra ATP hydrolysis would provide enough free energy to drive the phosphorylation reaction. Yes. Increasing the concentration of P, would decrease K'e and shift equilibrium to the right. No. The extra P, would give a negative AG, but would give a positive AG. In hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose. Glucokinase binds both ATP and glucose, forming a glucose-ATP-enzyme…

The reaction below occurs in nearly all human cells. It is catalyzed by the enzyme enolase. CO- CO- enolase -OPO3 OPO3 + H20 ČH,OH AGO'=+1.7 kJ/mol CH2 2PGA PEP Under cellular conditions, the AG is -3.3 kJ/mol. Which of the following could account for these changes in cellular AG compared to the standard biological free energy? The concentration of 2PGA is 7 times higher than PEP. The concentration of PEP is 7 times higher than 2PGA Enolase lowers the activation energy of the transition state. The release of water from 2PGA is a form of energy coupling.

Describe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as well

Using the data in this table, what is the AG° (in KJ/mol) for the reduction of FAD by water?

How many grams (net) of the following metabolites (ATP, NADH, Ethanol, and CO2) will be produced during glycolysis-alcoholic fermentation from 360 grams of Fructose? Write the numbers only (NO UNITS) of each metabolite. Molecular Weights: Fructose = 180, ATP = 500, Ethanol = 46, CO2 = 44, NADH = 663 %3D ATP = grams, NADH = grams, Ethanol = grams, CO2 = grams

Assume that in a certain cell, the ratio of products/reactants or Keg = 809.5 (Keq is dimensionless) for the reaction Glucose + 2ATP > Glucose-1,6-diP + 2ADP, at a particular instant, the concentrations of each compound were Glucose =2.4M, ATP =11.1M, ADP -12.8M and G-6-P -28.4M. Calculate the difference (dimensionless) between Keq and the ratio of products/ractants at this instance, in this cell, to five decimal places