C. bot and C. tetani are considered true pathogens while C. dificile is considered an opportunist. What do we know about the pathogens from these classifications?

"Although the reported number of cases varies, arboviruses cause substantial morbidity in the United States each year. Cases occur sporadically, with epidemiology varying by virus and geography. Weather, zoonotic host, vector abundance, and human behavior all influence when and where arboviral outbreaks occur, making it difficult to predict locations and timing of cases and underscoring the importance of surveillance in identifying outbreaks and informing prevention efforts." Which of the following means the same as "Cases occur sporadically"? O Cases are caused by fungal spores. O Because of vector transmission, there is a steady rate of arboviral cases each year O Outbreaks occur unpredictably QUESTION 8 "Although the reported number of cases varies, arboviruses cause substantial morbidity in the United States each year. Cases occur sporadically, with epidemiology varying by virus and geography. Weather, zoonotic host, vector abundance, and human behavior all influence when and where…

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is more commonly seen in hospital-acquired infections with enteric bacteria than in community-based infections with the same species. Explain why this is so.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement? Human Schistosoma infestations are transmitted by direct person-to-person contact without an intermediate host If Schistosoma eggs are circulated in the blood, they can lodge in distant organs Schistosoma adults lay their eggs into the intestine, where they are shed in feces Granulomas form around Schistosoma eggs and can damage internal organs (liver, lungs, etc.) Schistosoma flukes (trematodes) inhabit the intestinal blood vessels for part of their life cycle

Why do epidemiologists acquire population-based data aboutinfectious diseases?

Why is virulence expected to increase with vector or water-borne transmission, relative to direct transmission?  Using the concept of a “cost of virulence”, explain how vertical transmission or transmission in a hospital is thought to affect the level of virulence favored by natural selection?

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Which term would best describe the occurrence of a disease that is not normally seen, yet occasionally a case will occur, such as tetanus? 1) endemic O 2) sporadic 3) epidemic O 4) pandemic

Which of the following are factors that can put hospitalized patients at risk of contracting nosocomial infections? Choose all that apply. Sick patients coming in to the hospital can bring pathogens with them Shared caretakers and equipment can transmit microbes between patients Patients may be exposed to antiseptic chemicals O An ill person has weakened immune function MacBook Air DD F9 F8 吕0 000 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 & #3 $ 8 4 この

"SCHISTOSOMIASIS" Causative agent: ? Reservoir(s):      - first reservoir: ?      - second reservoir: ? Hosts:     - primary hosts: ?      - secondary hosts (incidental hosts): ? Portal of entry: ? Portal of exit: ? Transmission: ? Major/common manifestation of the infection/disease: ?