Briefly explain the significance of venous return and how does it affect the cardiac output

Describe the process of auto-regulation as related to blood flow through capillary beds

In patients with congestive heart failure, heart muscles are damaged and weakened (cardiac muscle contractions are weaker). Explain how weaker cardiac muscle contraction will affect cardiac output and why (explain how weaker contractions affect end diastolic ventricular volume, muscle length, stroke volume and cardiac output).

A 60 year-old patient HA, who was bedridden for a few days, feels dizzy and experiences significant increase in his heart rate after standing up. Why an increase in constriction of veins and an increase in venous return will help to increase his end-diastolic volume?

With atherosclerosis, what happens to resistance and flow? O 1) resistance decreases, flow increases 2) resistance and flow decrease 3) resistance and flow increase O 4) resistance increases, flow decreases

It is believed that dehydration may lead to a change in cardiac function immediately. Is it correct? Briefly explain why.

You have just started a rigorous exercise. Explain two different ways you can increase blood flow to your skeletal muscle (one must reflect upon changes in cardiac output and the other on a change in resistance)

Explain how the cross-sectional area of vessels (in cm2, range from 0 to 5000) affects the mean linear velocity of blood (in cm/s, range from 0 to 50) and blood pressure (in mm Hg, range from 0 to 100). Hint, draw a general model of vascular structure from the aorta to the vena cava, and plot how the variables mentioned above change as blood moves along the vessel system.

In a resting state, explain what happened to the heart rate when the stroke volume decreased. Why does this occur?