Q: Describe the mechanisms by which microbes promote autoimmunity.
A: Autoimmunity is a situation in which an organism's immune system produces immunological responses…
Q: Describe the concepts behind the main types of immunoassays,and discuss their uses in diagnosis.
A: Immunoassay techniques allow rapid and accurate measurement or trace antigen and antibody. They use…
Q: Outline the major allergen categories, giving examples.
A: Allergens are the chemical substances that are overactivate the immune system and generate several…
Q: Explain why a patient with AIDS due to HIV is at an increased risk of infection and of developing…
A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…
Q: Describe four major types of autoimmunity, comparing targetorgans and symptoms.
A: Autoimmune diseases are those disorders in which the body is attacked by its immune system…
Q: Distinguish between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies,explaining how each develops.
A: Immunodeficiencies: The malfunction of the immune system, ends in infections that…
Q: Explain the polymorphism and polygenism of MHC molecules.
A: The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in the human with…
Q: Differentiate between acquired and congenitalimmunodeficiencies.
A: Immunodeficiencies or immunocompromised conditions are disorders where the immune system's ability…
Q: List characteristics of antigens that optimize their immunogenicity.
A: Antigens can be defined as the substances that are responsible for immune response in the body by…
Q: Define polymorphism and polygeny as they apply to MHC genes.
A: Genes are the basic structural and functional unit of heredity. They carry coded genetic information…
Q: Briefly describe B-2 B cells according to Kuby Immunology book.
A: B2 B cells is a subtype of B cell it forms adaptive immune response and mediate humoral immunity.…
Q: Describe how HIV attacks and defeats the immune system.
A: HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus. It is a virus that attacks the cells and helps the body…
Q: Identify the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of an immunogen.
A: Immune system protects the body against infection. It is a complex network of cells and proteins.…
Q: Describe the six steps in antigen processing and presentation via the class I MHC pathway.
A: Antigen processing or the cytosolic pathway is the immunological process that prepares antigens for…
Q: Explain the role of leukocidins in immune evasion, allowing microbes to become established.
A: Leucocidin is secreted by some Staphylococcus strains. It is a type of cytotoxin. It can form pores…
Q: Using an appropriate example, explain autoimmunity.
A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…
Q: Explain the relationship between a hypersensitivityreaction and an immune response.
A: Hypersensitivity : These are overreactions of the immune system to an antigen which would not…
Q: Sketch a diagram to illustrate the interaction between MHC I molecules of the named cell type and…
A: The MHC I molecules are the major histocompatibility complex I which are present on the surface of…
Q: Describe the concept of an antigen and how it relates to self and nonself markers.
A: An antigen is any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it . An…
Q: Explain the origins of autoimmunity and describe which personsare most often targeted by it.
A: Autoimmunity is a mechanism in which the immune system produces proteins called autoantibodies to…
Q: Can we discuss the similarities and differences between MHC I and MHC II due to their different…
A: MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is a cluster of genes that is responsible for producing the…
Q: Explain a comparison of good immunogens and poor immunogens.
A: A foreign substance that invades the body and activates the immune system to release antibodies…
Q: Explain the following concepts in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable; a.…
A: Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is the immune system's state of…
Q: Describe the factors influencing the development of autoimmunity
A: Autoimmunity developed in every person but in certain factors increased with risk . There are some…
Q: Briefly indicate the role of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood groups.
A: The immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known…
Q: Distinguish between MHC class I molecules and MHCclass II molecules.
A: MHC refers to Major Histocompatibility Complex. It is a tightly linked cluster of genes present in…
Q: Describe the six steps in antigen processing and presentation via the class II MHC pathway.
A: MHC II uses the exogenous pathway for antigen processing and presentation for antigen presentation.…
Q: Describe V(D)J recombination in lymphocytes and how this aids in the fight against infections.
A: There are few important points : An immunoglobin is tetramer of two light chain and two heavy…
Q: Describe the uniqueness of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its function in immune…
A: The immune system involves a group of various biological structures and processes, present within an…
Q: Describe Class II MHC pathway of antigen processing with the help of a diagram.
A:
Q: Describe the main activities of cell-mediated immunities.
A: T cells are one of the most important white blood cells in the immune system, and they play a…
Q: Explain the haplotypes of MHC molecules
A: Major Histocompatibility Complex --( MHC )--MHC is a large locus on DNA specially in Vertebrates…
Q: Describe the immune response involved in blood type incompatibility, Rh incompatibility, and tissue…
A: Incompatibility of blood types: When people including one blood type obtain blood from someone with…
Q: Briefly describe how antigenic shifts occur and can lead to the generation of pandemic influenza…
A: It is a common viral infection that can be deadly especially in high risk groups. It attacks the…
Q: Outline the main activities of cell-mediated immunities.
A: The immune system is also known as a defense system because of its help to protect our body from…
Q: Explain in detail antigen presentation pathway of the MHC molecule indicated
A: Antigen presentation is the interaction of antigen molecules on the surface of a macrophage or other…
Q: Define autoimmunity
A: The presence of antibodies against a disease in a person's system confers immunity to that sickness.…
Q: Compare and contrast antigenic variation and phase variation.
A: A microbe is a life form that causes sickness. The living body is normally brimming with…
Q: write few things about various classes of immunoglobulins.
A: Humans and other advanced vertebrates have an immune system, which is a collection of defense…
Q: Identify the principal stages of the network of immunologic development and interaction.
A: Introduction Immunity: it is the capability of our body to fight against the diseases. This is done…
Q: Describe the changes over time in virus antigen levels, antibodylevels, and CD4 T cells in the blood…
A: Human immunodeficiency virus is the causative agent of AIDS or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.…
Q: Describe antigenic variation.
A: Antigenic variation or alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a…
Q: Name and in a brief describe the process by which immunological diversity is generated.
A: The ability of multicellular creatures to withstand dangerous germs is referred to as immunity.…
Briefly define the set of terms and explain how they relate to one another: MHC, HLA, Haplotype
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Briefly define the set of terms and explain how they relate to one another: Xenotransplant, MHCThe following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form:(a) MALT (b) CMI (c) AIDS (d) NACO (e) HIVDefine polymorphism and polygeny as they apply to MHC genes.
- Briefly define the set of terms and explain how they relate to one another: SCID, AIDSGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion example of history taking of non communicable disease?If you get stung by a bee, the skin around the bite will swell. Explain the process that produced the swelling.Use and define the terms : vector, allergen, inflammation and WBC in your answer. direct answer please
- Describe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or manipulate it to their own advantage:a. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcusb. Enveloped virusesSelect the flow cytometry dot plot that corresponds to the healthy control sample Select the flow cytometry dot plot that corresponds to the patient samplehow is HIV related to biochemistry? please please be detailed
- The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three immunologists, Dr. Ralph Steinman, Dr. Bruce Beutler and Dr. Jules Hoffmann. Please search the information from internet or literature and write a summary for each scientist’s major discovery for them to receive the Nobel Prize on medicine in 2011.Define the term major histocompatibility complex. Identify the three-classes of MHC .how would you explain this article to someone to summarize the article and its sections? https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00292/full Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation