Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134746241
Author: Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question
For the next activities, you will be doing online searches using a search engine (such as Google). You will want to save your favorite image into a PowerPoint file for future study purposes. 1. Search for "hanging wall vs footwall." The hanging wall is above the fault surface. The footwall is below the fault surface. This terminology was "invented" by miners based on what they stood on and where they hung their lanterns. The miners would stand on the footwall and hang lanterns on the hanging wall. 2. Search for "normal fault." Does the hanging wall move "up" or "down" relative to the footwall in this case? Both continental rifts and oceanic ridges have normal faults. 3. Search for "earthquake diagram." The hypocenter (or focus) is the point of origin of an earthquake. Based on what we have discovered about diverging plate boundaries, are hypocenters along diverging plate boundaries relatively shallow or relatively deep? 4. Magnitude is a measure of the energy released by an earthquake. Magnitude depends in part on the surface area of the fault plane. Are the magnitudes of earthquakes along diverging plate boundaries likely to be relatively high or relatively low? Using a seismograph: 5. As noted, seismic waves are caused by the sudden movement of the Earth's crust, such as shifts along a fault. We discussed several different kinds of seismic waves that move in different ways: the body waves include P-waves and S-waves, which can travel through the Earth's inner layers, and the surface waves like L-waves and Rwaves, which can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. Remember that P-waves travel the fastest and S-waves are the second fastest type of seismic wave. Figure 4: An example seismograph with the arrival time and amplitude. a) Given the seismograph above (Figure 4), mark P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves on the seismograph in the blank boxes. b) Compare the amplitude of the different seismic waves (hint: wave amplitude is the wave height). Which type of seismic wave has the tallest amplitude, which one is the next tallest, and which one has the smallest amplitude? c) The amplitudes of seismic waves are directly related to ground shaking during an earthquake, with a higher amplitude typically creating more intense ground shaking. Among P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves, which one would be the most destructive type of seismic wave? d) On the seismograph above (Figure 4), what are the first arrival time of P-waves and the first arrival time of S-waves? What is the time difference between the arrival of the Pand S-waves? Locate the epicenter: 6. An earthquake has occurred. Three seismic stations detected the ground vibration and seismic waves released by this earthquake: Tepich (Mexico), Isla Socorro (Mexico), and Standing Stone (Pennsylvania). By following the steps in the previous question, we can measure the P - S arrival time intervals and estimate their distances to the earthquake epicenter.
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Transcribed Image Text:For the next activities, you will be doing online searches using a search engine (such as Google). You will want to save your favorite image into a PowerPoint file for future study purposes. 1. Search for "hanging wall vs footwall." The hanging wall is above the fault surface. The footwall is below the fault surface. This terminology was "invented" by miners based on what they stood on and where they hung their lanterns. The miners would stand on the footwall and hang lanterns on the hanging wall. 2. Search for "normal fault." Does the hanging wall move "up" or "down" relative to the footwall in this case? Both continental rifts and oceanic ridges have normal faults. 3. Search for "earthquake diagram." The hypocenter (or focus) is the point of origin of an earthquake. Based on what we have discovered about diverging plate boundaries, are hypocenters along diverging plate boundaries relatively shallow or relatively deep? 4. Magnitude is a measure of the energy released by an earthquake. Magnitude depends in part on the surface area of the fault plane. Are the magnitudes of earthquakes along diverging plate boundaries likely to be relatively high or relatively low? Using a seismograph: 5. As noted, seismic waves are caused by the sudden movement of the Earth's crust, such as shifts along a fault. We discussed several different kinds of seismic waves that move in different ways: the body waves include P-waves and S-waves, which can travel through the Earth's inner layers, and the surface waves like L-waves and Rwaves, which can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. Remember that P-waves travel the fastest and S-waves are the second fastest type of seismic wave. Figure 4: An example seismograph with the arrival time and amplitude. a) Given the seismograph above (Figure 4), mark P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves on the seismograph in the blank boxes. b) Compare the amplitude of the different seismic waves (hint: wave amplitude is the wave height). Which type of seismic wave has the tallest amplitude, which one is the next tallest, and which one has the smallest amplitude? c) The amplitudes of seismic waves are directly related to ground shaking during an earthquake, with a higher amplitude typically creating more intense ground shaking. Among P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves, which one would be the most destructive type of seismic wave? d) On the seismograph above (Figure 4), what are the first arrival time of P-waves and the first arrival time of S-waves? What is the time difference between the arrival of the Pand S-waves? Locate the epicenter: 6. An earthquake has occurred. Three seismic stations detected the ground vibration and seismic waves released by this earthquake: Tepich (Mexico), Isla Socorro (Mexico), and Standing Stone (Pennsylvania). By following the steps in the previous question, we can measure the P - S arrival time intervals and estimate their distances to the earthquake epicenter.
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