Based on the structures of lycopene and β-carotene, which are two chemicals found in another common vegetable, the tomato, answer the following questions: 1. Are they stereoisomers, constitutional isomers or not even isomers? 2. Do you expect them to be relatively polar or nonpolar substances? Why? 3. How many double bonds are in lycopene? How many in β -carotene
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
Based on the structures of lycopene and β-carotene, which are two chemicals found in another common vegetable, the tomato, answer the following questions:
1. Are they stereoisomers, constitutional isomers or not even isomers?
2. Do you expect them to be relatively polar or nonpolar substances? Why?
3. How many double bonds are in lycopene? How many in β -carotene?
4. As lycopene is transformed into β -carotene, how many pi electrons from the double bonds are transformed into single bonds? How many new single bonds are being formed in β -carotene?
5. The first step of a possible mechanism for the ring closure in the transformation is outlined below (only part of the structure is shown for simplicity). Draw the product that results from this arrow pushing mechanism. Be sure to include any formal charges that arise from the carbon atoms.
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