ATP is consumed.

The coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ are important electron carriers that pick up electrons from one pathway and deliver them to another. Below is a list of pathways or enzyme complexes that we have covered in class.  Indicate which coenzyme these pathways or complexes produce by writing NAD+, NADP+, NADH or NADPH in the blank provided.    ________ glycolysis ________ citric acid cycle ________ alcoholic fermentation ________ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ________ gluconeogenesis ________ mitochondrial electron transport ________ photosynthesis light reactions ________ photosynthesis dark reactions

Glycolysis occurs in two stages. Describe what is accomplished in each stage.

Under aerobic conditions of high ratios of NADH/NAD+ and ATP/ADP, as pyruvate is utilized for its carbon skeleton, which molecules would you expect to see significant radiolabeling in the liver? Select all that apply. **Please note some molecules contain more details, including not only molecule name, but location of the label. Pick the options that are accurate for the above situation. Glucose C-2 and C-5 Glucose C-1 and C-6 Glucose C-2 only Pyruvate C-1 Lactate C-2 for export CO, from TCA cycle shows some radiolabel Label is halved over many TCA cycles Oxaloacetate Malate

Thiamine is the vitamin precursor for a co-enzyme called thiamine pyrophosphate or TPP.    A patient diagnosed with thiamine deficiency exhibited fatigue and muscle cramps.  The muscle cramps have been related to the accumulation of specific metabolic acids.  On the following list, circle the metabolic acids that are most likely to accumulate in a thiamine deficiency?    Note:  There may be more than one.      Isocitrate Pyruvate Succinate α-ketoglutarate Malate Fumarate   (b) Provide a brief explanation for your answer to 1 (a) here

Describe how coenzyme A is important in the thiolase-catalyzed reaction.

Identify the steps in the glycolytic and citric acid cycle pathways where ATP, GTP, NADH, and FADH2  are produced.