At which of these sites is the osmolality of the filtrate at its lowest(lowest concentration)?a. glomerular capillary d. initial section of the distalb. proximal convoluted tubule convoluted tubulec. bend of the loop of Henle e. collecting duct

Sketch each of the following segments of the nephron, and for each, write a short sentencedescribing how its epithelial structure suits its function.a. visceral layer of Bowman’s capsuleb. parietal layer of Bowman’s capsulec. proximal convoluted tubuled. thin segment/ loop of Henlee. collecting tubule

A pt was born with a rare genetic disorder in which the proximal tubules of her nephrons express half the number of aquaporins as normal. What will result? A. reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical? b. reduced reabsorption of water, Na+ and glucose in the proximal tubules? c. Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions? D. Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules.

Which of the following is, are function of the kidneys? a. Control plasma volume  b. Control blood pressure  c. Control red blood cell production  d. All of these

Excretory systems produce a final excreted product through   A. vesicular packaging of nitrogenous wastes.   B. proteolytic cleavage of amino acids.   C. filtration of lymphatic fluids.   D. de novo synthesis in the nephron of urea or uric acid.   E. some combination of filtration, secretion and reabsorption.

The filtered fluid that forms in the nephrons will first empty into the A. urethra. B. bladder.  Comment start C. ureter. Comment end  D. distal convoluted tubule. E. Minor calyx

The forces that oppose glomerular filtration are:   W. osmotic force of proteins in the glomerular capillariesX. blood pressure in the glomerular capillariesY. fluid pressure in Bowman’s capsuleZ. ATP-dependent processes in the nephron Select one: a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e.   if all are correct

Is this statement true or false:  The juxtagomerular apparatus also pays a role in controlling the net glomerular filtration rate. If the GFR is high macula densa cells detect increase blood pressure. These cells respond by decreasing releasing of water which results in vasoconstriction of afferent. This decreases the GFR.

In the kidneys where does most of the tubular reabsorption occur a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Collecting duct c. Glomerulus d. Distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Select one: a. Potassium b. Urea c. Hydrogen ions d. Sodium chloride e. Water