As a design engineer, you have been hired to address water hardness problems in the town of St. George, Ontario. You suggest a RO water softening system that will be used in homes to treat the drinking water (Water hardness = 382 mg CaCO3/L). Due to fluctuations in hardness levels, you decide to design for a conservative average influent concentration of 450 mg CaCO3/L and a daily flow of 1480 L/d. The RO system removes all influent hardness, and the concentrate stream has a flow of 80 L/d. The bypass stream is to be used to create an Outlet concentration of 40 mg CaCO3/L. Assume dilute streams and determine the: a) Flowrate of the effluent (Qout), b) The bypass flow rate (Qbypass) and concentration (Cbypass) c) The flowrate

Structural Analysis
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Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.
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Chapter2: Loads On Structures
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Question 3: As a design engineer, you have been hired to address water hardness problems in the town of St. George, Ontario. You suggest a RO water softening system that will be used in homes to treat the drinking water (Water hardness = 382 mg CaCO3/L). Due to fluctuations in hardness levels, you decide to design for a conservative average influent concentration of 450 mg CaCO3/L and a daily flow of 1480 L/d. The RO system removes all influent hardness, and the concentrate stream has a flow of 80 L/d. The bypass stream is to be used to create an Outlet concentration of 40 mg CaCO3/L. Assume dilute streams and determine the: a) Flowrate of the effluent (Qout), b) The bypass flow rate (Qbypass) and concentration (Cbypass) c) The flowrate and hardness of the water that enter and exit the reverse osmosis softener (QROi, CROi, QROeff, CROeff ). d) The concentration of hardness in the concentrate stream (Cconcentrate).
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