Are all the oxides carbonated in the raw materials used? The material referenced here was dunite but this will go for any raw silicate material used as it will not be pure CaO, MgoO, or FeO. What happens to the rest of the materials? Are they wasted (if so where are they stored)? Or can the impurities be sold (if so for how much and as what)? • How do you separate these final products assuming there are substantial impurities in them? Is the efficiency purely based on MgO cabronation or the entire mineral (dunite) carbonation?

1. Not all the oxides are carbonated in the raw materials used. The extent of carbonation depends on the type of mineral, its composition, and the conditions of the carbonation process. For example, dunite is a type of ultramafic rock that is composed primarily of olivine. Olivine is a magnesium-rich mineral that is easily carbonated, so most of the magnesium in dunite can be converted to magnesite (). However, the iron and calcium in dunite are not as easily carbonated, so they may not be completely converted to carbonates.
2. The rest of the materials that are not carbonated are called the residues. The residue can be stored or disposed of in a landfill. In some cases, the residue may have some value and can be sold. For example, the iron in the residues can be extracted and used to make steel.
3. The separation of the final products from the residues can be done using a variety of methods, such as filtration, centrifugation, and precipitation. The specific method used will depend on the composition of the materials and the desired purity of the products.
4. The efficiency of mineral carbonation is typically measured as the percentage of the magnesium oxide (MgO) in the raw material that is converted to magnesite (). However, the efficiency can also be calculated based on the entire mineral (dunite) carbonation. In this case, the efficiency would take into account the amount of iron and calcium that are also converted to carbonates.

Here are some additional details about the carbonation of dunite:

• The carbonation process is typically carried out in a slurry of dunite and water. The slurry is heated to a high temperature, and  is bubbled through it. The  reacts with the magnesium in the dunite to form magnesite.
• The rate of carbonation depends on a number of factors, including the temperature, the concentration of,  and the surface area of the dunite particles.
• The efficiency of carbonation can be improved by using a fine-grained dunite and by operating the process at a high temperature and pressure.
• The residues from the carbonation process can be used to make bricks, concrete, and other building materials.