An enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, a monomeric protein (30,000 Daltons), catalyzes the following reaction for the hydration of CO2: H₂O + CO₂ H₂CO3 Carbon dioxide is produced in tissue as one of the final products of respiration. It then diffuses into the blood system, where it is converted to the hydrogen carbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase. The reverse reactions occur in the lungs, where CO₂(g) is expelled. We define keat as the turnover number - the maximum number of substrate molecules that can be converted into product molecules per unit time by an enzyme molecule. The concentration of enzyme active sites is not necessarily equal to the concentration of enzyme molecules because some enzyme molecules have more than one active site. If the enzyme molecule has one active site, the turnover number is given by: kcat = Vmax [E] a. Determine the value of the turnover number of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (carbonic anhydrase has a single active site), given the following two scenarios: i. Vmax for carbonic anhydrase = 561 umol·Ls and [E] =1.40 nmol.L¹. ii. 75 ng of pure carbonic anhydrase (under saturating conditions of CO₂) catalyzes the hydration of 12 mM of CO₂ in 2min at 37°C in a 10mL solution. b. Describe in words the meaning of the keat value calculated.

What is the correct Ksp expression for Lead(II) Chloride dissolving in water?

Apply Le Chatelier's principle and decide how (by altering temperature, pressure, and concentration) you could increase the amount of the products in the following reactions: 1)  2CO2 (g)  ----> 2CO (g) + O2 (g)     ΔH0=566 kJ 2)  2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)  ----> 2SO3 (g) Please explain and show all three alterations for each reaction.

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Consider the quilibrium reaction between X and Y, as shown below: X=Y AG The reaction is started with 10 mmol of X; no Y is initially present. After 48 hours, analysis reveals the presence of 10 mmol of X and 0 mmol of Y. Which is the most likely explanation? = −1 - 45 kJ mol X and Y have reached equilibrium concentrations. An enzyme has shifted the equilibrium toward X. Formation of Y is kinetically slow; equilibrium has not been reached by 48 hours. Formation of Y is thermodynamically unfavorable. Two of the above explanations are reasonable.

H- HHH H │ │ | I H -H+2H-H The above reactants would undergo a (n) catalyst reaction

Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes known. If 10 µg of this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 0.30 g of CO2 to bicarbonate in 1 minute at 37˚C. What is the Kcat value for this enzyme in min -1?

4. The reaction shown below is part of the glycolytic pathway. The standard free energy change for this reaction is +0.4 kcal/mol. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) €→ Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) C) Steady-state concentrations of these compounds in the cell (at 25°C) are 0.675 mM G6P and 0.0969 mM F6P. In which direction is this reaction allowed to proceed in the cell? (show calculations)