Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134746241
Author: Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher: PEARSON
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AMS Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) are defined as relatively broad ocean ecosystems (200,000 km² or 77,220 mi?, or greater) as well as the adjoining coastal regions stretching from river basins and estuaries toward the breaks of continental shelves or the margins of well-defined current systems. LMEs have higher primary productivity than the open ocean and are identified based on similarities in physical and biological systems, including (1) bottom depth contours, (2) currents and water mass structure, (3) marine productivity, and (4) trophically dependent populations (food webs). By international consensus, LMEs are identified as organizational units to facilitate management and governance strategies. NOAA has adopted the LME as the basic unit to implement an ecosystem approach to the management of marine resources and is currently used in many LMES worldwide to introduce scientific methods for marine ecosystem observing, analysis, assessment, and resource management. Eleven LMEs are located in U.S. coastal and ocean waters. CURRENT OCEAN STUDIES 8 Large Marine Ecosystems To learn details about LMEs, go to http://onesharedocean.org/Imes/introduction. One Shared Ocean is an international effort, of which NOAA is a core partner, to share information among all nations. a. 61 b. 64 1. The map on the LME introduction page identifies a total of LMES. LMEs produce 80% or more of the world's fish catch, making them the focal point of global efforts for sustained and predictable productivity. c. 66 d. 69 South America Click anywhere on the map. This will return you to the One Shared Ocean homepage. (Note, the two maps at the top of this page may be slow to load or may not display.) Antarctic LME The Antarctic LME is a unique subsystem of the world ocean. It centers on the Antarctic land mass, circumscribed by the oscillating Antarctic Convergence (Figure 1). The Antarctic Convergence is a dynamic boundary, also called the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, where i northward-flowing Antarctic waters sink beneath the relatively warmer waters of the sub- Antarctic (the region located immediately north of the Antarctic region). References to the geography of Antarctica are presented in Figure 2. Falkland Islands Antarctic Circle Ronne loe Shed West Antarctica COS 8-1-SP22 Ros on Shef Antarctic Convergence- Africa East Antarctica COS 8-2-SP22 Kerguelen New Zealand Figure 1. The Atlantic Convergence marks the northers boundary of the Atlantis
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Transcribed Image Text:AMS Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) are defined as relatively broad ocean ecosystems (200,000 km² or 77,220 mi?, or greater) as well as the adjoining coastal regions stretching from river basins and estuaries toward the breaks of continental shelves or the margins of well-defined current systems. LMEs have higher primary productivity than the open ocean and are identified based on similarities in physical and biological systems, including (1) bottom depth contours, (2) currents and water mass structure, (3) marine productivity, and (4) trophically dependent populations (food webs). By international consensus, LMEs are identified as organizational units to facilitate management and governance strategies. NOAA has adopted the LME as the basic unit to implement an ecosystem approach to the management of marine resources and is currently used in many LMES worldwide to introduce scientific methods for marine ecosystem observing, analysis, assessment, and resource management. Eleven LMEs are located in U.S. coastal and ocean waters. CURRENT OCEAN STUDIES 8 Large Marine Ecosystems To learn details about LMEs, go to http://onesharedocean.org/Imes/introduction. One Shared Ocean is an international effort, of which NOAA is a core partner, to share information among all nations. a. 61 b. 64 1. The map on the LME introduction page identifies a total of LMES. LMEs produce 80% or more of the world's fish catch, making them the focal point of global efforts for sustained and predictable productivity. c. 66 d. 69 South America Click anywhere on the map. This will return you to the One Shared Ocean homepage. (Note, the two maps at the top of this page may be slow to load or may not display.) Antarctic LME The Antarctic LME is a unique subsystem of the world ocean. It centers on the Antarctic land mass, circumscribed by the oscillating Antarctic Convergence (Figure 1). The Antarctic Convergence is a dynamic boundary, also called the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, where i northward-flowing Antarctic waters sink beneath the relatively warmer waters of the sub- Antarctic (the region located immediately north of the Antarctic region). References to the geography of Antarctica are presented in Figure 2. Falkland Islands Antarctic Circle Ronne loe Shed West Antarctica COS 8-1-SP22 Ros on Shef Antarctic Convergence- Africa East Antarctica COS 8-2-SP22 Kerguelen New Zealand Figure 1. The Atlantic Convergence marks the northers boundary of the Atlantis
SOUTH AMERICA M South Atlantic Ocean Sea Scotia Sea Bellingshausen era Amundsen Sea South Pacific Ocean Wedd Sea January to February b. August to September c. October to November Southern Ocean Dronning Maud a very low b. low c. medium & high e. very high he EAST ANTARCTICA WEST ANTARCTICA Rows Shaf Ross Sea a. Weddell Sea 4 b. Southern Ocean c. Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans Southern Ocean (AFRICA) Enderly d (AUSTRALIA) Figure 2. Geographic references for Antarctica. [NSIDCUniversity of Colorado Boulder) Davis Se 2. From the One Share Ocean homepage, click on "Click here to choose an LME" at the upper right and select "61 Antarctica." Scroll down and click on "Productivity." The graph shows that the maximum chlorophyll-a concentration over the period of a year occurs from (Scroll over the graph to see monthly data.) Indian Ocean The presence of chlorophyll-a indicates the rate of organic matter synthesized from inorganic substances. The greater the concentration, the greater the production of biomass. Consequently, it can be assumed that the maximum productivity takes place during the Southern Hemisphere summer 3. The Antarctic Convergence (Figure 1) separates the cold and slightly lower-salinity ocean water surrounding the Antarctica land mass from relatively warmer and higher-salinity water at lower latitudes. Found between about 48°S and 60'S, its location approximates the southern boundary(ies) of the The exact position varies seasonally, affected by winds, currents, and ocean conditions. COS 8-4-SP22 The Antarctic Convergence marks an important climate boundary between both water masses and air masses. Characterized by extreme weather conditions and the impacts of Antarctica's freshwater ice cap, the Antarctic LME is like none other on Earth, especially the ecological and biological characteristics of Antarctic species. The food chain is very short and almost entirely based on shrimp-like crustaceans called krill. Baleen whales, seals, penguins, squid, fish, and seabirds all feed on krill. Marine species evolved to live in an ocean with a relatively narrow range of chemical and physical characteristics. Changes in ocean chemistry have disrupted the function of ecosystems and the normal interactions among species and, in some cases, exceed the tolerable limits of certain organisms. Unless those organisms are mobile and able to migrate to a more favorable environment, they likely will perish. Particularly interesting are changes in ocean chemistry that are linked to changes in the global carbon cycle and climate. Gulf of Mexico LME Return to One Shared Ocean, click on "Click here to choose an LME" and select "05 Gulf of Mexico. Scroll down and click on "Pollution." Read about the Nutrient ratio, Nitrogen load and Merged Indicator, as well as the following information about nitrogen and nutrients 4. The risk level in the Gulf of Mexico for outrient ratio, nitrogen load, and merged nutrients is mostly When excess nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, enter coastal surface waters they spur algal blooms. Algal blooms metabolize much of the oxygen in the water and, as they die off, they sink to the floor and their mass decomposition further depletes the oxygen creating a dead zone in bottom or near-bottom waters with fatally low concentrations of oxygen. This creates a hypoxic (low oxygen) or anasic (no oxygen) environment. There are now estimated to be over 400 dead zones worldwide, mostly seasonal.
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Transcribed Image Text:SOUTH AMERICA M South Atlantic Ocean Sea Scotia Sea Bellingshausen era Amundsen Sea South Pacific Ocean Wedd Sea January to February b. August to September c. October to November Southern Ocean Dronning Maud a very low b. low c. medium & high e. very high he EAST ANTARCTICA WEST ANTARCTICA Rows Shaf Ross Sea a. Weddell Sea 4 b. Southern Ocean c. Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans Southern Ocean (AFRICA) Enderly d (AUSTRALIA) Figure 2. Geographic references for Antarctica. [NSIDCUniversity of Colorado Boulder) Davis Se 2. From the One Share Ocean homepage, click on "Click here to choose an LME" at the upper right and select "61 Antarctica." Scroll down and click on "Productivity." The graph shows that the maximum chlorophyll-a concentration over the period of a year occurs from (Scroll over the graph to see monthly data.) Indian Ocean The presence of chlorophyll-a indicates the rate of organic matter synthesized from inorganic substances. The greater the concentration, the greater the production of biomass. Consequently, it can be assumed that the maximum productivity takes place during the Southern Hemisphere summer 3. The Antarctic Convergence (Figure 1) separates the cold and slightly lower-salinity ocean water surrounding the Antarctica land mass from relatively warmer and higher-salinity water at lower latitudes. Found between about 48°S and 60'S, its location approximates the southern boundary(ies) of the The exact position varies seasonally, affected by winds, currents, and ocean conditions. COS 8-4-SP22 The Antarctic Convergence marks an important climate boundary between both water masses and air masses. Characterized by extreme weather conditions and the impacts of Antarctica's freshwater ice cap, the Antarctic LME is like none other on Earth, especially the ecological and biological characteristics of Antarctic species. The food chain is very short and almost entirely based on shrimp-like crustaceans called krill. Baleen whales, seals, penguins, squid, fish, and seabirds all feed on krill. Marine species evolved to live in an ocean with a relatively narrow range of chemical and physical characteristics. Changes in ocean chemistry have disrupted the function of ecosystems and the normal interactions among species and, in some cases, exceed the tolerable limits of certain organisms. Unless those organisms are mobile and able to migrate to a more favorable environment, they likely will perish. Particularly interesting are changes in ocean chemistry that are linked to changes in the global carbon cycle and climate. Gulf of Mexico LME Return to One Shared Ocean, click on "Click here to choose an LME" and select "05 Gulf of Mexico. Scroll down and click on "Pollution." Read about the Nutrient ratio, Nitrogen load and Merged Indicator, as well as the following information about nitrogen and nutrients 4. The risk level in the Gulf of Mexico for outrient ratio, nitrogen load, and merged nutrients is mostly When excess nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, enter coastal surface waters they spur algal blooms. Algal blooms metabolize much of the oxygen in the water and, as they die off, they sink to the floor and their mass decomposition further depletes the oxygen creating a dead zone in bottom or near-bottom waters with fatally low concentrations of oxygen. This creates a hypoxic (low oxygen) or anasic (no oxygen) environment. There are now estimated to be over 400 dead zones worldwide, mostly seasonal.
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