1 Physics And Measurement 2 Motion In One Dimension 3 Vectors 4 Motion In Two Dimensions 5 The Laws Of Motion 6 Circular Motion And Other Applications Of Newton’s Laws 7 Energy Of A System 8 Conservation Of Energy 9 Linear Momentum And Collisions 10 Rotation Of A Rigid Object About A Fixed Axis 11 Angular Momentum 12 Static Equilibrium And Elasticity 13 Universal Gravitation 14 Fluid Mechanics 15 Oscillatory Motion 16 Wave Motion 17 Sound Waves 18 Superposition And Standing Waves 19 Temperature 20 The First Law Of Thermodynamics 21 The Kinetic Theory Of Gases 22 Heat Engines, Entropy, And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 23 Electric Fields 24 Gauss’s Law 25 Electric Potential 26 Capacitance And Dielectrics 27 Current And Resistance 28 Direct-current Circuits 29 Magnetic Fields 30 Sources Of The Magnetic Field 31 Faraday’s Law 32 Inductance 33 Alternating Current Circuits 34 Electromagnetic Waves 35 The Nature Of Light And The Principles Of Ray Optics 36 Image Formation 37 Wave Optics 38 Diffraction Patterns And Polarization 39 Relativity Chapter22: Heat Engines, Entropy, And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 22.1QQ: The energy input to an engine is 4.00 times greater than the work it performs. (i) What is its... Problem 22.2QQ: The energy entering an electric heater by electrical transmission can be converted to internal... Problem 22.3QQ: Three engines operate between reservoirs separated in temperature by 300 K. The reservoir... Problem 22.4QQ: (a) Suppose you select four cards at random from a standard deck of playing cards and end up with a... Problem 22.5QQ: An ideal gas is taken from an initial temperature Ti to a higher final temperature Tf along two... Problem 22.6QQ: True or False: The entropy change in an adiabatic process must be zero because Q = 0. Problem 22.1OQ: The second law of thermodynamics implies that the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator must... Problem 22.2OQ: Assume a sample of an ideal gas is at room temperature. What action will necessarily make the... Problem 22.3OQ: A refrigerator has 18.0 kJ of work clone on it while 115kJ of energy is transferred from inside its... Problem 22.4OQ: Of the following, which is not a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) No heat engine... Problem 22.5OQ: Consider cyclic processes completely characterized by each of the following net energy inputs and... Problem 22.6OQ Problem 22.7OQ: A steam turbine operates at a boiler temperature of 450 K and an exhaust temperature of 300 K. What... Problem 22.8OQ: A thermodynamic process occurs in which the entropy of a system changes by 8 J/K. According to the... Problem 22.9OQ: A sample of a monatomic ideal gas is contained in a cylinder with a piston. Its stale is represented... Problem 22.10OQ: An engine does 15.0 kJ of work while exhausting 37.0 kJ to a cold reservoir. What is the efficiency... Problem 22.11OQ: The arrow OA in the PV diagram shown in Figure OQ22.11 represents a reversible adiabatic expansion... Problem 22.1CQ: The energy exhaust from a certain coal-fired electric generating station is carried by cooling water... Problem 22.2CQ: Discuss three different common examples of natural processes that involve an increase in entropy. Be... Problem 22.3CQ Problem 22.4CQ: The first law of thermodynamics says you cant really win, and the second law says you cant even... Problem 22.5CQ: Energy is the mistress of the Universe, and entropy is her shadow. Writing for an audience of... Problem 22.6CQ Problem 22.7CQ: The device shown in Figure CQ22.7, called a thermoelectric converter, uses a series of semiconductor... Problem 22.8CQ: A steam-driven turbine is one major component of an electric power plant. Why is it advantageous to... Problem 22.9CQ: Discuss the change in entropy of a gas that expands (a) at constant temperature and (b)... Problem 22.10CQ Problem 22.11CQ Problem 22.12CQ: (a) If you shake a jar full of jelly beans of different sizes, the larger beans tend to appear near... Problem 22.13CQ Problem 22.1P: A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output of 5.00 kW and an efficiency of 25.0%. The... Problem 22.2P: The work done by an engine equals one-fourth the energy it absorbs from a reservoir. (a) What is its... Problem 22.3P: A heat engine takes in 360 J of energy from a hot reservoir and performs 25.0 J of work in each... Problem 22.4P: A gun is a heat engine. In particular, it is an internal combustion piston engine that does not... Problem 22.5P: An engine absorbs 1.70 kJ from a hot reservoir at 277C and expels 1.20 kJ to a cold reservoir at 27C... Problem 22.6P: A multicylinder gasoline engine in an airplane, operating at 2.50 103 rev/min, takes in energy 7.89... Problem 22.7P: Suppose a heat engine is connected to two energy reservoirs, one a pool of molten aluminum (660C)... Problem 22.8P: A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance equal to 5.00. The refrigerator takes in 120 J of... Problem 22.9P: During each cycle, a refrigerator ejects 625 kJ of energy to a high-temperature reservoir and takes... Problem 22.10P: A heat pump has a coefficient of performance of 3.80 and operates with a power consumption of 7.03 ... Problem 22.11P: A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 3.00. The ice tray compartment is at 20.0C, and... Problem 22.12P: A heat pump has a coefficient of performance equal to 4.20 and requires a power of 1.75 kW to... Problem 22.13P: A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 6.30. It is advertised as using electricity at a rate... Problem 22.14P Problem 22.15P: One of the most efficient heat engines ever built is a coal-fired steam turbine in the Ohio River... Problem 22.16P: Why is the following situation impossible? An inventor comes to a patent office with the claim that... Problem 22.17P: A Carnot engine has a power output of 150 kW. The engine operates between two reservoirs at 20.0C... Problem 22.18P: A Carnot engine has a power output P. The engine operates between two reservoirs at temperature Tc... Problem 22.19P: What is the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator that operates with Carnot efficiency... Problem 22.20P: An ideal refrigerator or ideal heat pump is equivalent to a Carnot engine running in reverse. That... Problem 22.21P Problem 22.22P: How much work does an ideal Carnot refrigerator require to remove 1.00 J of energy from liquid... Problem 22.23P: If a 35.0% -efficient Carnot heat engine (Fig. 21.2) is run in reverse so as to form a refrigerator... Problem 22.24P: A power plant operates at a 32.0% efficiency during the summer when the seawater used for cooling is... Problem 22.25P: A heat engine is being designed to have a Carnot efficiency of 65.0% when operating between two... Problem 22.26P: A Carnot heat engine operates between temperatures Th and Tc. (a) If Th = 500 K and Tc = 350 K, what... Problem 22.27P: An ideal gas is taken through a Carnot cycle. The isothermal expansion occurs at 250C, and the... Problem 22.28P Problem 22.29P Problem 22.30P: Suppose you build a two-engine device with the exhaust energy output from one heat engine supplying... Problem 22.31P: Argon enters a turbine at a rate of 80.0 kg/min, a temperature of 800C, and a pressure of 1.50 MPa.... Problem 22.32P: At point A in a Carnot cycle, 2.34 mol of a monatomic ideal gas has a pressure of 1 4000 kPa, a... Problem 22.33P: An electric generating station is designed to have an electric output power of 1.40 MW using a... Problem 22.34P: An ideal (Carnot) freezer in a kitchen has a constant temperature of 260 K, whereas the air in the... Problem 22.35P: A heat pump used for heating shown in Figure P21.17 is essentially an air conditioner installed... Problem 22.36P: A gasoline engine has a compression ratio of 6.00. (a) What is the efficiency of the engine if it... Problem 22.37P: In a cylinder of an automobile engine, immediately after combustion the gas is confined to a volume... Problem 22.38P: An idealized diesel engine operates in a cycle known as the air-standard diesel cycle shown in... Problem 22.39P Problem 22.40P: (a) Prepare a table like Table 21.1 for the following occurrence. You toss four coins into the air... Problem 22.41P Problem 22.42P: An ice tray contains 500 g of liquid water at 0C. Calculate the change in entropy of the water as it... Problem 22.43P: A Styrofoam cup holding 125 g of hot water at 100C cools to room temperature. 20.0C. What is the... Problem 22.44P: A 1.00-kg iron horseshoe is taken from a forge at 900C and dropped into 4.00 kg of water at 10.0C.... Problem 22.45P: A 1 500-kg car is moving at 20.0 m/s. The driver brakes to a stop. The brakes cool off to the... Problem 22.46P Problem 22.47P Problem 22.48P: 1.00-mol sample of H2 gas is contained in the left side of the container shown in Figure P22.48,... Problem 22.49P: A 2.00-L container has a center partition that divides it into two equal parts as shown in Figure... Problem 22.50P: What change in entropy occurs when a 27.9-g ice cube at 12C is transformed into steam at 115C? Problem 22.51P: Calculate the change in entropy of 250 g of water warmed slowly from 20.0C to 80.0C. Problem 22.52P: How fast are you personally making the entropy of the Universe increase right now? Compute an... Problem 22.53P: When an aluminum bar is connected between a hot reservoir at 725 k and a cold reservoir at 310 K,... Problem 22.54P: When a metal bar is connected between a hot reservoir at Th and a cold reservoir at Tc, the energy... Problem 22.55P Problem 22.56AP: Calculate the increase in entropy of the Universe when you add 20.0 g of 5.00C cream to 200 g of... Problem 22.57AP: How much work is required, using an ideal Carnot refrigerator, to change 0.500 kg of tap water at... Problem 22.58AP Problem 22.59AP: The energy absorbed by an engine is three times greater than the work it performs. (a) What is its... Problem 22.60AP Problem 22.61AP Problem 22.62AP: In 1993, the U.S. government instituted a requirement that all room air conditioners sold in the... Problem 22.63AP Problem 22.64AP: One mole of neon gas is heated from 300 K to 420 K at constant pressure. Calculate (a) the energy Q... Problem 22.65AP: Au airtight freezer holds n moles of air at 25.0C and 1.00 atm. The air is then cooled to 18.0C. (a)... Problem 22.66AP: Suppose an ideal (Carnot) heat pump could be constructed for use as an air conditioner. (a) Obtain... Problem 22.67AP: In 1816, Robert Stirling, a Scottish clergyman, patented the Stirling engine, which has found a wide... Problem 22.68AP: A firebox is at 750 K, and the ambient temperature is 300 K. The efficiency of a Carnot engine doing... Problem 22.69AP: Review. This problem complements Problem 44 in Chapter 10. In the operation of a single-cylinder... Problem 22.70AP: A biology laboratory is maintained at a constant temperature of 7.00C by an air conditioner, which... Problem 22.71AP: A power plant, having a Carnot efficiency, produces 1.00 GW of electrical power from turbines that... Problem 22.72AP: A power plant, having a Carnot efficiency, produces electric power P from turbines that take in... Problem 22.73AP: A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas is taken through the cycle shown in Figure P21.37. The... Problem 22.74AP: A system consisting of n moles of an ideal gas with molar specific heat at constant pressure Cr... Problem 22.75AP: A heat engine operates between two reservoirs at T2 = 600 K and T1 = 350 K. It takes in 1.00 103 J... Problem 22.76AP: A 1.00-mol sample of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through the cycle shown in Figure P22.76. At... Problem 22.77AP: A sample consisting of n moles of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isobaric expansion from volume... Problem 22.78AP: An athlete whose mass is 70.0 kg drinks 16.0 ounces (454 g) of refrigerated water. The water is at a... Problem 22.79AP Problem 22.80AP Problem 22.81CP: A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal gas ( = 1.40) is carried through the Carnot cycle described in Figure... Problem 22.82CP: The compression ratio of an Otto cycle as shown in Figure 21.12 is VA/VB = 8.00. At the beginning A... Problem 22.4OQ: Of the following, which is not a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) No heat engine...
Related questions
Concept explainers
All the following statements define the second law of thermodynamics except,
a. processes that involve the transfer or conversion of heat energy are irreversible.
b. The total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
c. Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
d. Heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conversation of energy.
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
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