Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a common eye condition leading to vision loss. It causes damage to the macula, a small spot near the center of the retina (the part of the eye needed for sharp, central vision). Researchers are interested in the experiences of people who have been diagnosed with early-onset AMD. In particular the researchers are interested in whether the mean age at diagnosis of all people with early-onset AMD is less than 55 years. A random sample of 20 people with early-onset AMD gave the following data on age at diagnosis, in years. Patient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Age at diagnosis 50 58 52 58 49 58 51 61 54 59 Patient 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age at diagnosis 53 44 46 47 42 56 57 49 41 43 (c) What is the P-value of the test that is closest to 5%? (d) State the conclusion of the test at the 5% level of significance.

A researcher wanted to study the relationship between coffee drinking and heart problems. She interviewed all patients at several area hospitals and found that patients in the hospital for treatment of heart problems drank an average of 2.7 cups of coffee per day (Margin of error is 1.4 cups) while those patients being treated for other problems averaged only 1.4 cups of coffee per day (Margin of error is 0.8 cups). What conclusion can you draw about coffee as a cause of heart problems from this information?A) Coffee is bad for you.B) Coffee is good for you.C) Heart patients drink more coffee than other patients.D) None, because only patients in hospitals were interviewed.

Herbal cancer A report in the New England Journal of Medicine notes growing evidence that the herb Aris-tolochia fangchi can cause urinary tract cancer in those who take it. Suppose you are asked to design an experi-ment to study this claim. Imagine that you have data on urinary tract cancers in subjects who have used thisherb and similar subjects who have not used it and thatyou can measure incidences of cancer and precancerouslesions in these subjects. State the null and alternativehypotheses you would use in your study.

Smoking 2009 The Centers for Disease Control andPrevention track cigarette smoking in the United States.How has the percentage of people who smoke changedsince the danger became clear during the last half of the20th century? The scatterplot shows percentages of smokersamong men 18–24 years of age, as estimated by surveys,from 1965 through 2009 (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/).a) Is there a clear pattern? Describe the trend.b) Is the association strong?c) Is a linear model appropriate? Explain.

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claim that the mean IQ score of people With low blood lead levels is higher than the mean IQ score of people with high blood lead levels.

Do single-parent families tend to be more impoverished than families with two parents? In order to test if there is a relationship between family structure and family income level, family researcher studied a sample of 35 one-parent and 65 two-parent families in a particular city to determine whether their total family income fell below the poverty level. _________________________Family Structure____________________________ Total family Income               One Parent                  Two Parents                TOTAL Below poverty level                      24                                      20                        44     Not Below Poverty Level                                            11                                      45                         56 Total                                            35                                      65                        100 What are the independent and dependent variables.? What is the null hypothesis? What test should we use?…

Overweight or obese adults from psychiatric programs were recruited and randomly assigned to a treatment group or control group. Patients in the treatment group received both weight-management sessions plus exercise sessions plus their usual care. Patients in the control group received their usual treatment for mental illness and no additional treatment. After 18 months, some of the patients had lost 5% or more of their weight, and some had not. The table summarizes the data. Complete parts (a) and (b) below. Treatment Group Control Group Lost 5% or more 46 29 Did not lose 5% or more 88 106 ..... (a) Find the percentage of each group that lost 5% or more, and compare them descriptively. That is, report both percentages, and indicate what these sample percentages suggest about the effectiveness of the treatment program. Of the treatment group,% of them lost 5% or more. (Round to one decimal place as needed.) Of the control group, % of them lost 5% or more. (Round to one decimal place as…

Help please. I am extremely confused and do not understand this! Can I get help with all parts please

Pulmonary Disease A study was performed looking at the effect of mean ozone exposure on change in pulmonary function. Fifty hikers were recruited into the study; 25 study participants hiked on days with low-ozone exposure, and 25 hiked on days with high-ozone exposure. The change in pulmonary function after a 4-hour hike was recorded for each participant. The results are given in the table below. (Let population 1 be high-ozone exposure and population 2 be low-ozone exposure. Use high-low.) Comparison of change in FEV on high-ozone vs. low-ozone days Ozone level Mean change in FEV* High H₁: Low USE SALT 0.102 0.049 sd 0.254 25 0.105 25 (a) What test can be used to determine whether the mean change in FEV differs between the high-ozone and low-ozone days? (You may need to use the Distribution Calculators page in SALT to check conditions.) O paired t test O F test for the equality of two variances O two-sample t test for independent samples with equal variances O two-sample t test for…